新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)第一册课文原文

Learning a Foreign Language

Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most rewarding experiences of my life. Although at times, learning a language was frustrating, it was well worth the effort.

My experience with a foreign language began in junior middle school, when I took my first English class. I had a kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students. Because of this positive method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes. I was at the top of my class for two years.

When I went to senior middle school, I was eager to continue studying English; however, my experience in senior school was very different from before. While my former teacher had been patient with all the students, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers. Whenever we answered incorrectly, she pointed a long stick at us and, shaking it up and down, shouted, \"No! No! No!\" It didn't take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. Not only did I lose my joy in answering questions, but also I totally lost my desire to say anything at all in English.

However, that state didn't last long. When I went to college, I learned that all students were required to take an English course. Unlike my senior middle school teacher, my college English teachers were patient and kind, and none of them carried long, pointed sticks! However, the situation was far from perfect. As our classes were very large, I was only able to answer a couple of questions in each class period. Also, after a few weeks of classes, I noticed there were many students who spoke much better than I did. I began to feel intimidated. So, once again, although for different reasons, I was afraid to speak. It seemed my English was going to stay at the same level forever.

That was the situation until a couple of years later, when I was offered an opportunity to study English through an online course. The communication medium was a computer, phone line, and modem. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days a week.

Online learning is not easier than regular classroom study; it requires much time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course. I worked hard to meet the minimum standards set by the course and to complete assignments on time.

I practiced all the time. I carried a little dictionary with me everywhere I went, as well as a notebook in which I listed any new words I heard. I made many, sometimes embarrassing, mistakes. Once in a while I cried with frustration, and sometimes I felt like giving up. But I didn't feel intimidated by students who spoke faster than I did because I took all the time I needed to think out my ideas and wrote a reply before posting it on the screen. Then, one day I realized I could understand just about everything I came across, and most importantly, I could \"say\" anything I wanted to in English. Although I still made many mistakes and was continually learning, I had finally reaped the benefits of all that hard work.

Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me, but one that I wouldn't trade for anything. Not only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work, but it also gave me insights into another culture, and my mind was opened to new ways of seeing things. The most wonderful result of having learned a foreign language was that I could communicate with many more people than before. Talking with people is one of my favorite activities, so being able to speak a new language lets me meet new people, participate in conversations, and form new, unforgettable friendships. Now that I speak a foreign language, instead of staring into space when English is being spoken, I can participate and make friends. I am able to reach out to others and bridge the gap between my language and culture and theirs.

学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。

我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学

方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。

到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。

好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！ 不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。

直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。

网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。

我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。

学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。

Keys to Successful Online Learning

While regular schools still exist, the virtual classroom plays an important role in today's learning community. Job opportunities for students are expanding rapidly and more people of all ages are becoming aware of online learning that allows them to study at home. Online students, however, require unique qualities to be successful. The following list discusses some ideal qualities of successful online students.

1. Be open-minded about sharing life, work, and learning experiences as part of online learning.

Many different people find that the online method requires them to use their experiences and that online learning offers them a place to communicate with each other. This forum for communication removes the visual barriers that hinder some students from expressing themselves. In addition, students are given time to reflect on the information before replying. In this way, students can help to keep the online environment open and friendly. 2. Be able to communicate through writing.

In the virtual classroom nearly all communication is written, so it is critical that students feel comfortable expressing themselves in writing. Some students have limited writing abilities which need to be improved before or as part of the online experience. This usually requires extra commitment by these students. Whether working alone or in a group, students share ideas, perspectives and discussions on the subject being studied, and read about those of their classmates. In this way, students gain great insight from their peers, learning from each other as well as the instructor.

3. Be willing to \"speak up\" if problems arise.

Remember that instructors cannot see their students in an online course. This means students must be absolutely explicit with their comments and requests. If they experience technical difficulties, or problems in understanding something about the course, they MUST speak up; otherwise there is no way anyone can know

something is wrong. If one person does not understand something, possibly several others have the same problem. If another student is able to help, she/he probably will. While explaining something to others, students reinforce their own knowledge about the subject. 4. Take the program seriously.

Online learning is not easier than study in regular classrooms. In fact, many students say it requires much more time and effort. Requirements for online courses are not less than those of any quality program. Successful students, however, see online learning as a convenient way to receive their education — not an easier way. Many online students sit at computers for hours at a time during evenings and on weekends in order to complete their assignments. When other people are finished and having fun is most likely the time when online students do their course work. Online students need to commit 4 to 15 hours a week for each course. 5. Accept critical thinking and decision making as part of online learning.

Online courses require students to make decisions based on facts as well as experience. It is absolutely necessary for students to assimilate information and make the right decisions based on critical thinking. In a positive online environment, students feel valued by the instructor, by their classmates and by their own work. 6. Be able to think ideas through before replying.

Providing meaningful and quality input into the virtual classroom is an essential part of online learning. Time is given to allow for careful development of answers. Testing and challenging of ideas is encouraged. Many times online students will not always be right; they just need to be prepared to accept a challenge. 7. Keep up with the progress of the course.

Online learning is normally sequential and requires commitment on the students' part. Keeping up with the face-to-face class and completing all work on time is vital. Once students get behind, it is almost impossible to catch up. Students need to want to be there and need to want the experience. The instructor may have to communicate with students personally to offer help and remind them of the need to keep up.

Just as many excellent instructors may not be effective online facilitators, not all students have the necessary qualities to perform well online. People who have the qualities discussed above usually make very successful online students. If you have these qualities, learning online may be one of the best discoveries you will ever make.

虽然常规的学校依然存在，但虚拟课堂在今天的教学领域中起着重要的作用。随着学生就业机会的迅速增多，越来越多不同年龄层的人开始意识到这种在家就学的网上学习方式。然而，网络学生需要具备一些特别的素质才能取得成功。 以下是网上学生要取得成功必备的一些理想素质。 1.与人分享生活、工作及学习经验，这些是网上学习的一部分。

许多人发现网上学习需要他们运用各自的经验，同时又为他们提供了相互交流的场所。这一交流场所消除了一些学生自我表达的视觉障碍。此外，学生在答题之前有时间进行思考，这就使得网上环境开放而友好。

2. 能通过书写进行交流。

虚拟课堂的交流几乎都是书面形式。因而很重要的一点是学生要具有书面表达能力。有些学生书面表达能力差，有待提高，可以在网上学习之前提高或将其作为网上学习的一部分。这常常需要他们加倍努力。不管是单独学习还是小组学习，学生们就学习内容交流观点和见解，并展开讨论，同时了解其他同学的意见。这样，学生可以从同龄人那里得到启发，既跟老师学，又互相学习。 3. 说出你的困难。

记住，虚拟课堂里老师看不见学生。这就意味学生必须直接明了地表达自己的看法和要求。

如果碰到技术方面的问题，或在理解课程中遇到困难，必须大胆说出来，否则任何人都无从知晓问题所在。如果某人不理解某个问题，或许别人也有同样的问题。如果有哪个学生能解决，他(她)也许就会帮助你。学生在给他人解释问题时，自己对该问题的认识也加深了。 4. 认真对待课程。

网上学习并不比课堂学习容易。事实上，许多学生说它需要花更多的时间和努力。网络课程的要求不低于其他任何一种优质课程。然而，取得成功的学生认为网上学习是一种便捷的受教育方式，但并不容易。晚上或周末，为了完成作业，许多网络学生在电脑前一坐就是几个小时。别人已完成作业和学习，开始玩耍，而此时网络学生却很可能还在上课。他们每门课程每周要上4到15小时。 5. 把批判性思维和决策作为网上学习的一部分。

网络课程要求学生根据事实和经验做出决定。对学生来讲，理解并消化信息，并通过批判性思维做出正确的决定是十分必要的。在积极的网络环境中，学生从老师、同学那里感受到自己的价值，对自己的学习也感到满意。 6. 三思而后答。

在虚拟课堂上做出有意义、高质量的回答是网上学习的重要部分。要花时间斟酌并仔细作答，提倡对不同观点进行验证和质疑。网络学生往往并不总是对的；他们应做好准备，迎接挑战。 7. 跟上课程进度。

网上学习通常是循序渐进的，要求学生专心投入。与网络课程保持同步，并按时完成所有功课至关重要。一旦落后就很难赶上。学生要有成功的欲望，而且也要渴望这种经历。老师可能会与学生面对面交流，提供帮助并提醒他们跟上进度的必要性。

正如许多优秀教师并不能有效地用网络辅助教学一样，并不是所有学生都具备在网上学习中取得成功所需的素质。具备上述素质的人通常能够成为优秀的网络学生。一旦拥有这些素质，网上学习说不定将是你最有价值的发现之一。

Unit 2

Deep Concern

The radio clicked on. Rock music blasted forth. Like a shot, the music woke Sandy. She looked at the clock; it was 6:15 A.M. Sandy sang along with the words as she lay listening to her favorite radio station.

\"Sandy,\" shouted her father. \"Sandy, turn that music off!\" Steve Finch burst into her room. \"Why do you have to listen to such horrible stuff? It's the same thing over and over. I'm not sure it is really music, though it does have rhythm.\"

\"I like that music, Dad; it's my favorite. Listen for a minute; I'm sure you'll like it.\" Sandy reached for the radio to turn it up louder.

\"No, no, don't do that. I can't stand it. Turn that radio down so your mother and I can't hear it. I'm sure that music is hurting your ears as well as your brain.\"

Sandy walked into the bathroom and turned on the shower. Then she grabbed the soap and washed thoroughly, including her hair.

After her shower, Sandy brushed her hair, put on her old, green T-shirt and some jeans. Then she put on her makeup and went to the kitchen. As usual, she didn't know what to have for breakfast, so she grabbed a glass of milk and ate a piece of toast while standing by the sink. Just then, her mother, Jane, entered the kitchen.

\"Sandy, why don't you sit down and eat your breakfast? It isn't healthy to eat standing up.\" \"I know, Mom, but I don't have time to sit down and eat.\" \"Did you finish your homework, dear?\" \"Yes.\"

\"Did you brush your teeth?\"

\"Mom, I haven't finished eating breakfast yet. I'll brush my teeth when I'm done.\" \"Sandy, why are you wearing that old T-shirt? It's disgusting.\" \"Mom, please stop.\" \"Stop what, dear?\" \"Stop bugging me.\"

\"Sandy, are you wearing eyeliner?\"

\"Yes, Mom, I've been wearing eyeliner for months. Isn't it pretty? \" \"Sandy Finch, you're too young to wear that much makeup.\"

\"Mom, I'm fifteen. I'm old enough to wear makeup. Believe me, all the girls at school wear makeup. Some have tattoos and pierced ears, and noses and tongues, too. Mom, I don't have time to talk about this now—I'm late. I've got to go. See you later.\" Sandy kissed her mother quickly on the cheek, picked up her books, and bolted out of the house.

After Sandy had left for school, Jane Finch sat down in peace and quiet to drink her coffee. Soon her husband joined her.

\"Would you like some coffee, Steve?\" asked Jane.

\"No, thanks, honey. My stomach feels upset—like it's full of knots. It's probably that awful music that wakes me up every morning. I don't think I'm old-fashioned, but hearing those tuneless, offensive lyrics repeatedly makes my blood boil.\"

\"You know, honey, different music appeals to different generations,\" reasoned Jane. \"Remember some of the music we listened to?\"

Steve smiled. \"You're right. Maybe eating breakfast will help me get rid of some of the knots in my stomach.\"

\"Did you notice how much makeup our fifteen-year-old daughter was wearing this morning? I can't believe I didn't notice. I suppose we should feel lucky because makeup is our biggest problem with her. I've seen other teenagers walking around town with tattoos and piercings all over their bodies.\"

\"What worries me,\" said Steve, \"is that music could have a negative influence on Sandy. I don't know what's happening to our little girl. She's changing and I'm concerned about her. Makeup, terrible music—who knows what will be next? We need to have a talk with her. The news is full of stories about teenagers in trouble whose parents hardly know anything about their problems.\"

\"Oh, I don't think her music is so terrible. But in any case, you're right. We need to have a talk with Sandy,\" said Jane.

As Jane Finch drove to work, she thought about her Sandy. She knew what she wanted to say, what she had to say to Sandy. She was so glad that she and Sandy could still talk things over. She knew she had to have patience and keep the lines of communication with her daughter open. She wanted to be there as an anchor for her, but at the same time she would give her freedom to find her own identity.

收音机“咔嗒”一声，摇滚乐就大声地响开了。音乐像声似的将桑迪吵醒。她看了一下钟，早上6点一刻。她躺在床上，听着她喜欢的电台广播，嘴里哼着歌词。

“桑迪，” 她父亲喊道，“桑迪，把音乐关了！”史蒂夫·芬奇冲进她的卧室。 “你为什么一定要听这么糟糕的音乐？还听了一遍又一遍。虽然有节奏，可恐怕不是真正的音乐。”

“我喜欢这种音乐，爸爸。这是我最喜欢的。您听一下吧，您肯定会喜欢的。” 桑迪伸手把音乐开得更响。

“别，别开那么响，我受不了。把收音机音量调低点，这样我和你妈妈就听不到了。我敢肯定，那音乐既伤你的耳朵，又伤你的大脑。”

桑迪走进浴室，打开淋浴喷头。然后她抓起香皂，浑身上下洗个遍，连头发也洗了。

淋浴后，桑迪梳了梳头发，穿上一件旧的绿色圆领衫和一条牛仔裤。接着她化好妆，走进了厨房。和往常一样，她不知道早餐该吃什么，便抓了杯牛奶，站在洗涤槽旁吃烤面包。就在此时，她妈妈简走进了厨房。

“桑迪，你怎么不坐下吃饭？ 站着吃饭对身体不好。”“我知道，妈妈，可我没时间坐着吃。”“昨天做作业了吧，宝贝？”

“做了。” “刷过牙了？”

“妈妈，我还没吃完饭呢。吃完了再刷。”

“桑迪，你怎么穿那件旧圆领衫呢？ 难看死了。” “妈妈，请别这样。” “别怎么样？” “别这样烦我。”

“桑迪，你怎么描起眼线来了？”

“我是描了，妈妈。我都描了几个月了。难道不漂亮？” “桑迪·芬奇，你还小，不能化这么浓的妆。”

“妈妈，我都15岁了，到了可以化妆的年龄了。给您说实话吧，学校的女孩子都化妆，有些还文身，有的还戴耳环、鼻环、舌环呢。妈妈，我现在没时间给您说，我快迟到了，得走了。再见。” 桑迪匆匆吻了一下妈妈的脸颊，拿起书冲出了屋子。

桑迪离家上学后，简·芬奇平静地坐下来喝咖啡。没过一会儿，她丈夫走了进来。 “史蒂夫，喝点咖啡吧？”简问道。

“不，谢谢，亲爱的。我胃不舒服，心乱如麻。可能是因为那讨厌的音乐每天早上把我吵醒。我想我还不至于老得落伍吧，可没完没了地听那毫无韵律、令人讨厌的歌曲实在让我生气。”

“你知道，亲爱的，不同年龄的人喜欢不同的音乐，” 简劝说道。“还记得我们听过的一些音乐吗？” 史蒂夫笑了，“你说得有道理。也许吃点早饭能让我感觉好一点。”

“你注意到了吗，今天早晨我们15岁的女儿都化了什么样的妆？我真不敢相信自己以前没有注意到。我想我们应该感到幸运，因为我们女儿的最大问题还只是化妆。我看到其他年轻人在镇上游手好闲，还文身，浑身穿了许多洞。”

“令我担心的是，”史蒂夫说，“那种音乐对桑迪可能有负面的影响。我不知道我们的女儿到底怎么回事。她在变，我很担心她。化妆品，糟糕的音乐，谁知道以后还会有什么花样？我们得和她谈谈。新闻里报道的尽是惹上麻烦的青少年，可他们的父母却不知道自己的孩子有什么问题。”

“哦，我倒不认为她的音乐如此糟糕。但不管怎么说，你还是说得对，我们需要和桑迪谈谈，” 简说道。

去上班的路上，简·芬奇一面开着车，一面想着她的桑迪。她知道自己想说什么，得对桑迪说什么。她和桑迪之间还可以进行交流，这令她很高兴。她知道自己得有耐心，得保持自己和桑迪之间沟通的渠道畅通。她想在桑迪的身边，做她的保护人，同时又给她寻找自我的自由。

Is There a Generation Gap?

The term \"generation gap\" was coined in the 1960s. One concept of the generation gap is that parents and children have different values and beliefs. As a result, many parents fear that peer opinions will become more highly valued and that they in turn will lose influence. Although the term continues to be used often, some people are beginning to ask the question, \"Is there a generation gap in today's society?\"

One study compared four generations, aged 18-30, 31-48, 49-62, and 63 and over. Several questions were asked to tap into basic beliefs and values, such as \"Hard work is the key to getting ahead\" and \"America is the very best place in the world to live in\". Across the generations, there was great consistency in the responses.

Many studies on youth also refute the concept of a generation gap. These studies show that while young people tend to value their peers' evaluations over parents' on things like music, clothing and what's \"cool\continue to look to parents for basic values and guidance in the more important areas of life, such as career and lifetime goals.

Of course, general trends can't always be applied to individual cases. It is natural to feel like there is an uncomfortable \"gap\" between our teens and us and that there is a need to bridge it. Perhaps, though, the problem does not lie in a difference of opinions or values, but in the way we relate to and communicate with each other. Here are some tips from an article entitled \"Bridging the Generation Gap\" that might help.

Show respect. An attitude of respect and trust can be contagious. Young people tend to see themselves the

way their parents see them. In turn, they gain self-confidence and respect for themselves when you show that you respect their ability to make decisions and learn from their mistakes.

Listen more than you talk. Questioning can sound like interrogation. Instead, adopt an attitude of curiosity rather than control. Ask questions like \"How so?\" \"What do you think now?\" \"Were you surprised?\" \"What will you do now?\" \"What's your plan?\" \"Is this something you want help with?\" If your object is only to listen, you should be careful not to be preparing your response while your teen is still talking. You'll hear better that way, and they will be encouraged to talk more.

Ask whether your child wants to hear it before sharing your point of view. Only go on if they say \"yes\". Then be brief. Don't lecture, and don't expect them to agree with you. If you state your case with a \"This is what makes sense to me\" attitude as opposed to \"This is the right way to see things\instead of planning rebellion.

Think \"we\" instead of \"you\". \"We have chores to do before we leave the house; how can we take care of what needs to be done?\" Any way you can get across the message \"We're in this together\" can help bridge gaps that conflicts might otherwise create.

Keep calm. You can easily destroy your credibility by getting angry or too excited during a conversation. Instead of \"You're ruining your life!\might do in a situation like that?\"

Don't apply double standards. Teenagers pay close attention to double standards. Don't expect them to follow rules you don't follow yourself. Whether it's about checking in by the phone, putting things away or drinking out of the milk carton, \"Do as I say and not as I do\" will not improve the relationship.

Admit your own mistakes and talk about what you are learning from them. Showing self-acceptance and tolerance for imperfection is very encouraging to teenagers (as well as other people around you) and tends to make you easier to approach with questions, regrets and challenges. Apologize when you think you had done or said something differently, like losing your cool or saying something hurtful during an argument.

Enjoy them. The humor, energy and sense of possibility teenagers often have can awaken parents to positive sides of themselves they had forgotten or neglected. When teens experience being liked, they usually act more likeable.

“代沟”这一术语出现于20世纪60年代。代沟的概念之一是指父母和孩子有不同的价值观和信仰。 因此，很多父母害怕孩子赞成伙伴的观点，父母转而失去影响力。虽然这个术语还是常常被使用，有人却开始问这个问题：“今天的社会还有代沟吗？”

有一项研究比较了四代人：18-30岁的人，31-48岁的人，49-62岁的人，63岁和63岁以上的人， 问了几个问题以了解人们对一些问题的基本信仰和价值观， 如“努力工作是成功之道”，“美国是世界上最佳的生活地”。四代人给出的答案非常接近。

许多对年轻人的研究驳斥了代沟这一观念的存在。这些研究显示，较之父母对音乐、服装和何为“酷”的评价，年轻人更趋于赞同伙伴的见解，与此同时，在生活中更重要的方面，如职业生涯、终身目标等，他们还是继续依赖父母的基本价值观和指导。

当然，总趋势是不能时时用于个例的。觉得在我们和我们的十多岁孩子之间好像存在令人不快的“代沟”，需要弥合它，这是自然的。然而，问题也许不在于见解和价值观的不同，而在于我们相互理解和沟通的方式。下面的建议摘自于一篇题为“弥合代沟”的文章，也许对弥合代沟有所帮助。

尊重他人。尊重与信任是能感染人的。年轻人往往以父母看待他们的方式看待自己。反过来，当你表示你尊重他们有能力决策和从错误中学习时，他们会因此而获得自信和自尊。

多听少说。询问听起来可能像审问，不要这样。应该抱有好奇的态度而不是控制之心。问些这样的问题：“怎么会这样？你现在怎么看？当时吃惊吗？现在打算怎么做？你有什么计划？这事你是不是需要帮助？”如果你的目的只是听，在孩子说话时，你就需小心别在心里琢磨怎么回答。这样你会听得更好，而孩子也会受到鼓励说得更多。

先问孩子是否想听，然后才说你的观点。只有当孩子说“是”时才继续说下去，而且要简洁。不要说教，不要期待孩子同意你的观点。说话时，如果你的态度是“我是这样理解的”，而不是“这样看问题才对”，孩子就可能更愿意听，而不会有逆反心理。

用“我们”而不用“你”。“离开家之前我们要做家务，我们怎么料理必须做的事呢？”不论你用什么方式，只要能将“这是我们共同的事”这一信息传达给孩子，就有助于弥合本可能由冲突带来的鸿沟。

保持冷静。交谈时生气或者太激动，你就可能轻易地毁了自己的可信度。不要说“你毁了你的一生！”而要说“我担心如果......会怎么样。在这种情况下，你想你可能怎么办？”

不要使用双重标准。青少年非常警惕双重标准。别指望他们遵守你自己都不遵守的规则。无论是打电话报平安，还是叫他们收拾东西，或用奶盒喝牛奶，“照我说的做”而不是“照我做的做”是不会改善关系的。

承认自己的错误，说说你从他们身上学到了什么。表现出自我接受和对不完美的容忍能很好地鼓励青少年（以及你身边的其他人），也往往能让他们更容易接近你，向你提出问题、表达遗憾甚至对你提出挑战。当你认为自己做错了事或说错了话，比如发了脾气或争论时说了令人伤心的话，就道歉。

有欣赏之心。青少年常有幽默感，充满活力，看什么事都觉得可能，这些能使父母意识到自己身上已被忘记或忽略的好的方面。当十多岁的孩子体验到被人爱时，他们通常表现得更可爱。

Unit 3

A Good Heart to Lean on

More than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.

When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we walked together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would inwardly struggle at the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.

It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient—and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, \"You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.\"

Our usual walk was to or from the subway on which he traveled to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride.

When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn, N.Y., on a child's wagon with steel runners to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept free of ice. In Manhattan the subway station was in the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.

When I think of it now, I am amazed at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such shame and stress. And at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.

He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a \"good heart\

Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely what a \"good heart\" is. But I know at times I don't have one myself.

Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.

On one occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, \"I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me!\"

Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to

take a dive before the fight began.

I now know he participated in some things through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he \"played\" too. When I joined the Navy, he \"joined\" too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, \"This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different.\" Those words were never said aloud.

He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don't have a \"good heart\".

At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, \"You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.\"

在我还未成年时，如果有人看到我和父亲在一块儿，我就会觉得难堪。

他腿瘸得很厉害，个子又矮。我们一起走路时，他的手搭在我臂上以保持平衡，人们就会盯着看。 对于这种讨厌的注视，我打心眼里感到别扭。即使父亲注意到这些或感到不安，他也从不表露出来。

我们的步伐难以协调一致——他常常停下脚步，而我的步子却显得不耐烦。正因为如此，我们一路很少说话。但每次出门时，他总说：“你按你的步速走，我跟着你。”

我们通常就在地铁口和家门口之间来回，那是他上班的路线。他生病或天气恶劣时也坚持上班，几乎从不缺勤。他总是准点到办公室，即使别人做不到。这是件可以引以为荣的事。

当路上覆盖冰雪时，即使有人搀扶，他也难以行走。这种时候，我或者我的姐妹们就用一辆带有钢轮的儿童推车拉着他穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道到地铁站口。一到那儿，他就紧抓着地铁口的扶手一直往下走，因为地铁内比较暖和，下面几级台阶没有冰雪。曼哈顿的地铁站直通他们办公楼的地下室，他不用出站（就可到办公室）。下班回家时，我们会去布鲁克林的地铁站口接他。

现在回想起来，我不禁惊叹：像他那样一个成年人，得有多大的勇气才能承受这样的屈辱和压力，而当时他却显得毫无痛苦，也没怨言。

他从不说自己可怜，也从不表现出对那些比他幸运或健康的人的羡慕。

他从别人那儿寻找的是一颗“好心”。一旦找到了，那人在他心目中就是个大好人。

现在我长大了，我相信这是判断一个人的标准。虽然我还没有确切理解什么是“好心”， 但我知道自己有时候并没有这么一颗“好心”。

虽说很多活动父亲都不能参加，但他还是试着以某种方式来参与。当地一个棒球队缺少一个经理时，是他使球队正常运转。他是一个见多识广的棒球迷，常常带我到埃贝茨球场，观看布鲁克林道奇队的比赛。他喜欢参加各种舞会和聚会，虽然在那儿他只能坐着观看，却也能享受一番乐趣。

记得在一次沙滩聚会上，进行了一场殴斗，人人挥拳上阵，相互推撞。他不满足只是坐着观看，然而在松软的沙地上如果没人帮助，他又站不起来。于是在极度无助的情况下，他高声喊道：“谁坐下来和我对打! 谁愿意坐下来和我对打! ”

没有人坐下来和他对打。第二天，人们和他开玩笑，说是第一次听到拳击手在开打之前，就有人要求他倒地服输。

如今我知道他是通过我，他唯一的儿子，间接地参与了一些事情。我打球时（球技很糟），他也“打”；后来我加入海军，他也“加入”了。我休假回家时，他一定要让我去参观他的办公室。在介绍我时，虽然没有说出口，但他实际上在说：“这是我儿子，但也是我。如果我没瘸，我也会和他一样。”

如今父亲已去世多年，但我时常想起他。不知他当时是否留意在我们同行时，我不愿意被人看到。若他确实注意到了，那我真惭愧当时没能对他说我是多么对不起他，我是多么不孝，我有多么后悔。现在，每当我因一些琐事而怨天尤人的时候，每当我嫉妒别人运气比我好的时候，每当我没有一颗“好心”的时候，我就会想起他。

每逢此时，我就设想自己将手搭在他的臂上，重新找回自己的平衡，我会说：“你按你的步速走，我跟着你。”

The Right Son at the Right Time

The story began on a downtown Brooklyn street corner. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance rushed him to Kings County Hospital. There, when he came to now and again, the man repeatedly called for his son.

From a worn letter located in his pocket, an emergency room nurse learned that his son was a marine stationed in North Carolina. Apparently there were no other relatives.

Someone at the hospital called the Red Cross office in Brooklyn, and a request for the boy to rush to Brooklyn was sent to the Red Cross director of the North Carolina Marine Corps camp. Because time was short—the patient was dying—the Red Cross man and an officer set out in an army vehicle. They found the young man walking through some marshes in a military exercise. He was rushed to the airport in time to catch the sole plane that might enable him to reach his dying father.

It was dusk when the young marine walked into the entrance lobby of Kings County Hospital. A nurse took the tired, anxious serviceman to the bedside.

\"Your son is here,\" she said to the old man. She had to repeat the words several times before the patient's eyes opened. The medicine he had been given for the pain from his heart attack made his eyes weak and he could only see the shadow of the young man in Marine Corps uniform standing outside the oxygen tent. He extended his hand. The marine wrapped his strong fingers around the old man's limp ones, squeezing a message of love and encouragement. The nurse brought a chair, so the marine could sit by the bed.

Nights are long in hospitals, but all through the night the young marine sat there in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man's hand and offering words of hope and strength. Occasionally, the nurse urged the marine to rest for a while. He refused.

Whenever the nurse came into the ward, the marine was there, but he paid no attention to her and the night noises of the hospital—the banging of an oxygen tank, the laughter of the night staff exchanging greetings, the cries and moans and breathing of other patients. Now and then she heard him say a few gentle words. The dying man said nothing, only held tightly to his son through most of the night.

It was nearly dawn when the patient died. The marine placed the lifeless hand he had been holding on the bed, and went to inform the nurse. While she did what she had to do, he smoked a cigarette, his first since he got to the hospital.

Finally, she returned to the nurse's station, where he was waiting. She started to offer words of sympathy, but the marine interrupted her. \"Who was that man?\" he asked.

\"He was your father,\" she answered, startled.

\"No, he wasn't,\" the marine replied. \"I never saw him before in my life.\" \"Why didn't you say something when I took you to him?\" the nurse asked.

\"I knew immediately there'd been a mistake, but I also knew he needed his son, and his son just wasn't here. When I realized he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me. So I stayed.\"

With that, the marine turned and exited the hospital. Two days later a message came in from the North Carolina Marine Corps base informing the Brooklyn Red Cross that the real son was on his way to Brooklyn for his father's funeral. It turned out there had been two marines with the same name and similar numbers in the camp. Someone in the personnel office had pulled out the wrong record.

But the wrong marine had become the right son at the right time. And he proved, in a very human way, that there are people who care what happens to their fellow men.

故事开始于布鲁克林闹市区的一个街角处。有个老汉过马路时突然晕倒在地, 一辆救护车把他急速送往金斯县医院。在医院里, 老人时昏时醒, 反反复复叫喊着,要见儿子。急救室的一位护士在他口袋里发现一封已被揉皱的信，从信中得知他儿子是海军陆战队的战士，随驻扎在北卡罗来纳州。看来, 他没有别的亲戚。

医院有人给布鲁克林区的红十字办公室挂了电话，向北卡罗来纳州海军陆战队营地的红十字机构的主任发出请求, 让那个年轻人赶紧回布鲁克林。由于时间紧迫——病人已奄奄一息——红十字会的人和一名军官乘一辆军车出发。赶到时他们看到那个年轻人正在参加军事演习，徒步穿越沼泽地。他被及时送到机场, 赶上那班能把他送到临终的父亲身边的唯一的一架班机。

年轻的海军战士走进金斯县医院的入口大厅时，已是黄昏。一名护士将这位疲劳、焦急的军人带到了老人床边。

她对老人说：“您儿子来了。”她重复说了好几遍，老人的眼睛才睁开。老人服用了医治心脏病的药物，损害了他的视力，所以他只能看见一个年轻人的身影，身穿海军陆战队军服，站在氧气帐外。他伸出手，那位海军陆战队队员立刻用自己有力的手紧紧握住了这只无力的手，充满了爱与鼓励。护士搬来一张椅子，那海军陆战队队员就坐在床边守着。

医院里长夜漫漫，年轻的海军陆战队战士整夜坐在灯光昏暗的病房里，握着老人的手，给予老人希望与力量。护士偶尔会过来劝他休息一会儿，但他都拒绝了。

护士每次进来，海军陆战队战士都坐在那儿。对于护士的进出、医院晚上的各种响动——氧气瓶的撞击声、值夜班的医生护士打招呼时的笑声、其他病人的哭喊、呻吟声和呼吸声——他都视若不见。不时地，护士听见他柔声说着什么。弥留之际的老人则什么也没说，只是在那一夜大部分的时间里紧紧抓着儿子的手。

天快亮时老人去世了。海军陆战队队员把那只他一直握着的、现在已失去生命的手放回床上，然后去通知护士。在护士去做善后工作时，他抽了根烟，这是他进医院后抽的第一支香烟。

最后，护士回到了护士办公室，而他则一直等在那儿。护士开始安慰他，但他却打断了她，“那位老人是谁?”他问。

“他是你父亲啊! ”她回答道，诧异万分。

“不，他不是，”海军陆战队队员回答道。“我以前从没见过这个人。” “那我带你进去时，你为什么不说?”护士问道。

“当时我就知道弄错了。但我同样也知道，他需要他的儿子，而他的儿子又恰好不在。当我发现他病得这么重，都认不出我不是他的儿子后，我想他确实是很需要我的。所以我留下来了。”

说完这些话后，海军陆战队战士转过身，离开了医院。两天后，北卡罗来纳海军陆战队基地给布鲁克林红十字会发来一份通知：老人真正的儿子正在前往布鲁克林参加他父亲葬礼的路上。原来，军中恰好有两个海军陆战队队员同名同姓，并且编号相近。人事部的拿错了档案。

但是，这个假儿子在老人真正需要儿子的时刻却成了真正的儿子。而且他以一种非常人道的方式，证明了在这个世界上确实有人会关心自己同胞的遭遇。

Unit 4

How to Make a Good Impression

Research shows we make up our minds about people through unspoken communication within seven seconds of meeting them. Consciously or unconsciously, we show our true feelings with our eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes, causing a chain of reactions, ranging from comfort to fear.

Think about some of your most unforgettable meetings: an introduction to your future spouse, a job interview, an encounter with a stranger. Focus on the first seven seconds. What did you feel and think? How did you \"read\" the other person? How do you think he read you?

You are the message. For 25 years I've worked with thousands who want to be successful. I've helped them make persuasive presentations, answer unfriendly questions, communicate more effectively. The secret has always been you are the message.

Others will want to be with you and help you if you use your good qualities. They include: physical appearance, energy, rate of speech, pitch and tone of voice, gestures, expression through the eyes, and the ability to hold the interest of others. Others form an impression about you based on these.

Think of times when you know you made a good impression. What made you successful? You were

committed to what you were talking about and so absorbed in the moment you lost all self-consciousness.

Be yourself. Many how-to books advise you to stride into a room and impress others with your qualities. They instruct you to greet them with \"power handshakes\" and tell you to fix your eyes on the other person. If you follow all this advice, you'll drive everyone crazy—including yourself.

The trick is to be consistently you, at your best. The most effective people never change from one situation to another. They're the same whether they're having a conversation, addressing their garden club or being interviewed for a job. They communicate with their whole being; the tones of their voices and their gestures match their words.

Public speakers, however, often send mixed messages. My favorite is the kind who say, \"Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to be here\"—while looking at their shoes. They don't look happy. They look angry, frightened or depressed.

The audience always believe what they see over what they hear. They think, \"He's telling me he's happy, but he's not. He's not being honest.\"

Use your eyes. Whether you're talking to one person or one hundred, always remember to look at them. Some people start to say something while looking right at you, but three words into the sentence, they break eye contact and look out the window.

As you enter a room, move your eyes comfortably; then look straight at those in the room and smile. Smiling is important. It shows you are relaxed. Some think entering a room full of people is like going into a lion's cage. I disagree. If I did agree, I certainly wouldn't look at my feet or at the ceiling. I'd keep my eyes on the lion!

Lighten up. Once in a staff meeting, one of the most powerful chairmen in the entertainment industry became very angry over tiny problems, scolded each worker and enjoyed making them fear him. When he got to me, he shouted, \"And you, Ailes, what are you doing?\"

I said, \"Do you mean now, this evening or for the rest of my life?\" There was a moment of silence. Then the chairman threw back his head and roared with laughter. Others laughed too. Humor broke the stress of a very uncomfortable scene.

If I had to give advice in two words, it would be \"lighten up\"! You can always see people who take themselves too seriously. Usually they are either brooding or talking a great deal about themselves.

Take a good hard look at yourself. Do you say \"I\" too often? Are you usually focused on your own problems? Do you complain frequently? If you answered yes to even one of these questions, you need to lighten up. To make others comfortable, you have to appear comfortable yourself. Don't make any huge changes; just be yourself. You already have within you the power to make a good impression, because nobody can be you as well as you can.

有研究显示，我们对他人的判断是根据我们最初遇到他们的七秒钟里所进行的无声交流形成的。无论是有意识还是无意识，我们都会用我们的眼神、面部表情、形体动作和态度来表现我们的真实情感，从而使他人产生从舒适到害怕等一连串反应。

想想那些让你最为难忘的会面：被介绍给你未来的妻子或丈夫、一次求职面试、与陌生人的一次邂逅。将注意力集中在最初的七秒钟，你当时有何感想？你是如何“解读”他人的？ 你认为他又是如何解读你的？

你本人就是信息。25年来，我在工作中和数千个想要成功的人打过交道。我帮助他们，使他们所作的演讲有说服力，教他们如何回答不友好的提问，以及如何与人更有效地沟通。而所有这一切的秘诀都在于要懂得你本人就是信息。

如果你能利用你的优点，别人就会愿意跟你在一起，并且愿意帮助你。这些优点包括：外表、活力、语速、语音语调、手势、眼神，以及使他人对你保持兴趣的能力。别人对你的印象就是根据这些因素形成的。

想想有哪几次你确切知道你给人留下了好印象。你成功的原因又是什么？ 那是因为你对你所谈论的事情

非常投入，你当时完全沉浸其中，以至于完全没有了羞涩的感觉。

保持自我。许多指导性的书籍会建议你大步走进一个房间，用你的优点给别人留下深刻印象。他们会教你以 “有力的握手”问候他人，并且告诉你要用双眼注视对方。可你如果遵循了所有这些建议，你会让所有的人都受不了——包括你自己。

诀窍在于要始终如一地保持自我，保持最佳状态的自我。给人印象最深的那些人从不随着情境的变化而改变自己。无论是在与人交谈时，在园艺俱乐部上发表演说时，还是在求职面试中，他们的表现都是一样的。他们全身心地与人交流；他们的音调和手势与他们说的话保持着一致。

然而，演说家常常会传递一些混合不清的信息。我最喜欢用来作例子的一类演说家是那些边看自己的鞋子边说“女士们、先生们，我很高兴来到这里”的人。他们看上去并不高兴。他们看上去气愤、恐惧或沮丧。

听众总是相信自己的亲眼所见胜过耳闻。他们会想，“他告诉我他很高兴，可他并不是这样。他并没有说实话。”

用你的眼睛。不管你是和一个人交谈，还是对一百个人发表讲话，始终记住你要看着他们。有些人在开始说话时会直视你，但一句话刚说了几个字，他就会中断与你目光的接触，把目光移向窗外。

当你走进房间时，目光从容地扫视；然后直视房间里的人，并对他们微笑。微笑是很重要的，它表明你很放松。有人认为走进一个有很多人的房间就像走进一个狮子笼。我不同意这种说法。就算我同意，我也肯定不会看着自己的脚或是天花板。我会注视那头狮子。

别太当真。一次在员工会议上，一位娱乐业最有影响的董事长由于一些微不足道的问题大发雷霆，责备每一位员工，为能使员工害怕自己而感到满足。当他走向我，对我喊道，“还有你，艾尔斯，你在忙些什么？” 我说：“你是说现在？今晚？还是在我的余生中？”之后有片刻的沉默。接着董事长仰头放声大笑。其他人也跟着笑起来。幽默可以打破尴尬场合中的紧张气氛。 如果一定要我用几个字说出我的建议的话，那就是“别太当真”! 你总会发现有一些人对待自己太过认真。他们通常不是在沉思，就是在滔滔不绝地谈论自己。

仔细地观察一下你自己，你说“我”的次数是否过多？ 你通常是否将注意力集中在你个人的问题上？ 你是否经常抱怨？ 对于上述问题，哪怕只有其中一个你给出的是肯定的回答，那么你就需要“别太当真”了。为了让别人感到自在，你自己先要表现得轻松。不必作出大的改变，只需要保持自我。你本身已具备了给人留下良好印象的能力，因为要保持你的自我，只有你自己才能做得好，谁也代替不了你。

Body Language

\"I liked him the minute I saw him!\" \"Before she even said a word, I knew there was something funny about her.\" Such statements are examples of \"snap judgments\opinions which are formed suddenly, seemingly without using any sound reason at all. Most people say snap judgments are unsound or even dangerous. They also admit they often make snap judgments and find them to be fairly sound.

Snap judgments like \"love at first sight\" or \"instant hate\signs of immaturity or lack of common sense. When someone \"has a feeling\" about someone else, people more often laugh than pay attention. Most people think you find out about a person by listening to what he says over a period of time. Others say \"actions speak louder than words\in relation to keeping promises, paying bills or sending money home.

Because people assume \"you are what you say you areo become acquainted with each other. Once two people have become acquainted, they think it was their conversation that gave them their information about each other.

As behavioral sciences develop, however, researchers find the importance of speech has been overestimated. Although speech is the most obvious form of communication, we do use other forms of which we may be only partially aware or, in some cases, completely unaware. It is possible we are unconsciously sending messages with every action, messages that are unconsciously picked up by others and used in forming opinions. These

unconscious actions and reactions to them may in part account for our \"feelings\" and \"snap judgments\".

We communicate a great deal, researchers have found, with our bodies—by the way we move, sit, stand and what we do with our hands and heads. Imagine a few people sitting in a waiting room: one is tapping his fingers on his briefcase, another keeps rubbing his hands together, another is biting his fingernails, still another grabs the arms of his chair tightly and one keeps running his fingers through his hair. These people aren't talking but they're \"saying\" a lot if you know the \"body language\" they're using.

Two of the most \"telling\" forms of behavior are driving a car and playing games. Notice a person's reaction to stress in these situations and to aggressive behavior in others. Those who easily become angry, excited, passive or resentful when driving or playing may be giving insights into the inside self.

While clothing serves a purely practical function, how you dress also communicates many things about your social status, state of mind and even your aspirations and dreams. An eleven-year-old girl who dresses like a college student and a forty-year-old woman who dresses like a teenager are saying something through what they wear. What you communicate through your kind of dress definitely influences others to accept the picture of yourself you are projecting: In the business world, the person who dresses like a successful manager is most likely to be promoted into a managing position.

Also important are the ornaments a person wears: buttons, medals, jewels, etc. Such ornaments are often the means by which a person announces a variety of things about himself: his convictions (campaign buttons), his beliefs (religious tokens), his membership in certain groups (club pins or badges), his past achievements (college ring or Phi Beta Kappa key) and his economic status (diamonds).

Another sign of a person's nature can be found in his choices in architecture and furniture. A person who would really like to live in a castle would probably be more at home in the Middle Ages. Those who like Victorian family houses and furniture might secretly welcome a return to more rigid social norms. People who are content with modern design are probably comfortable with modern lifestyles.

When you see a person for the first time, even though he doesn't speak to you, you begin watching him—his actions, his attitude, his clothing and many other things. There's a wealth of information there if you know how to \"read\" it. Perhaps snap judgments aren't so unsound after all.

“我一看见他就喜欢上了他! ”“她甚至还没有开口说一个字，我就知道她很有趣。”此类说法就是“快速判断”的例子，也就是迅速形成的根本没有充分理由的判断。多数人说这种快速判断是不可靠的，甚至是危险的。但他们也承认他们常常会作出快速判断，并且发现这些判断是相当合理的。

像“一见钟情”或“瞬间成恨”这样的快速判断，如果被过于当真，通常会被看成是不成熟或缺乏判断力的表现。当一个人对另一个人“有感觉”时，人们更多的是付之一笑，不会太在意。多数人认为了解一个人要通过在一段时间里倾听这个人说的话。还有一些人说“说得好不如做得好”，这通常与信守诺言、付账、以及寄钱回家等行为相关。

由于人们以为“对你的了解是通过你的言谈”，他们就通过大量的交谈去结识对方。一旦两个人认识了，他们就会认为是谈话给了他们有关对方的信息。

然而，随着行为科学的发展，研究人员发现语言的重要性被高估了。尽管语言是最显而易见的交流形式，但我们确实在使用其他一些交际形式。对于这些形式，我们也许只是部分地意识到了，而在有些情况下我们完全没有意识到。我们有可能无意识地用我们的行为发出信息，这些信息又会被别人无意识地接收到，并藉以形成判断。这些无意识的行为以及对它们产生的反应也许可以在某种程度上解释我们的“感觉”和“快速判断”。

研究人员发现，我们用形体进行着大量的交流——通过我们走、坐和站的方式，以及我们的手和头的动作。想象一下：几个坐在一间等候室里的人，一个在用手指轻轻敲打公文包，一个在不停地揉搓双手，一个在咬自己的手指甲，一个用手紧抓着椅子的扶手，还有一个在不断地用手指梳理着头发。这些人都没有说话，但是如果你知道他们所使用的“形体语言”，他们实际上“说”了很多。

最“说明问题”的两种行为方式是开车和玩游戏。注意一下一个人在这类情况下遇到压力时的反应，以及他们在其他情况下遇到挑衅性行为时的反应。那些在开车和玩游戏时容易气愤、兴奋、消极或是愤

恨的人也许会向别人揭示他们内心的那个自我。

尽管衣服纯粹是一种实际需要，但你的着装方式也会传递很多东西，如你的社会地位、精神状态，甚至你的渴望和梦想。一个11岁的女孩穿得像个大学生，或是一个40岁的女人穿得像个十几岁的少女，她们都在通过自己的穿着表达某种信息。你通过自己的服装所传达的信息肯定会影响到其他人，使他们认同你正在传递的自己的形象：在商界，一个穿着像个成功经理的人很有可能被提升到经理职位上来。

同样重要的还有一个人佩戴的饰物：徽章、奖章、珠宝等。这些饰物常常是一个人显示其各方面情况的手段：信念（竞选运动徽章）、信仰（宗教标志）、作为某一特定组织成员的身份（俱乐部饰针或徽章）、昔日的成就（大学毕业纪念指环或PBK联谊会钥匙），以及经济状况（钻石）。

表现人本性的另一种标记在于其对建筑风格和家具的选择。一个确实愿意住在城堡里的人，如果生活在中世纪可能会更自在。那些喜欢维多利亚式家庭住宅和家具的人也许在心底里欢迎更为严格的社会规范。对现代设计感到满意的人，现代的生活方式可能会使他们心满意足。

你初次见到一个人的时候，即使他不跟你说话，你也开始观察他了：他的行为、态度、衣着，以及许多其他东西。如果你知道如何“解读”，就会发现其中包含着丰富的信息。也许快速判断并非那么不合理。

Unit 5

The Battle Against AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s. Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans—half of that number in the past few years alone. Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are expected to die within the next year.

Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS.

Despite such alarming numbers, the federal and state governments have been slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged.

One organization, the South Carolina AIDS Education Network, formed in 1985 to combat the growing number of AIDS cases. Like many local organizations, this organization suffers from a lack of money, forcing it to use its resources creatively. To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs operate out of a beauty shop.

The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing how many people she has educated on the job.

Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the southeast set up similar programs in their shops. The hair stylists are also valuable resources in spreading information to their schools, community groups, and churches.

The organization has developed several techniques useful to other groups doing similar work. While no one way of winning the war against AIDS exists, the network shares these lessons learned in its battle against AIDS:

Speak to your community in a way they can hear. Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications.

These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of \"sad faces\" and \"happy faces\" to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.

Train teenagers to educate their peers. Because AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South, the stylists have established an \"AIDS Busters\" program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach \"AIDS 101\" to their peers. They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience.

Redefine \"at risk\" to include women from different backgrounds and marital status. One woman's doctor told her she was not at risk for AIDS because she was married and didn't use drugs. Such misinformation plagues the medical establishment. According to the Centers for Disease Control, women will soon make up 80 percent of those diagnosed with HIV.

The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves—regardless of marriage status.

These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis, but until there is a cure for AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus.

Like no other plague before, the AIDS epidemic threatens to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without parents. We must not let cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the job that must be done. Nor can we let political inefficiency stop us from our task. This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win. We simply cannot let people continue to die because we don't feel comfortable talking about AIDS. Everyone must become an educator and learn to live.

获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）是20世纪70年代末在美国发现的。自那时以来，艾滋病已夺走了20.4万多美国人的生命——其中有一半是在过去几年中丧生的。此外，在100万感染艾滋病病毒的人当中有18.5万人也将在一年内死亡。

被诊断感染艾滋病病毒的人当中有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的美国人。南部农村社区的妇女和青年是数量增长最快的艾滋病患者群体。

尽管数量大得惊人，但联邦和各州在实施防止艾滋病蔓延的计划方面行动迟缓。鉴于行动不力，许多地方性组织便应运而生了。

南卡罗来纳艾滋病教育网络机构成立于1985年，目的在于防止艾滋病病例数量的增加。和许多地方性组织一样，该组织缺乏资金，这迫使它创造性地使用其资源。为接触更多的社区居民，有些艾滋病教育计划在美发店实施。

美发店老板在顾客进来时向他们散发艾滋病资料，在他们等着头发晾干时，向他们放映有关预防艾滋病的录像片。她还在店里放一些书籍和其他出版物，供顾客等候时阅读。她在工作的同时使许许多多人受到了教育，这一点着实让人赞叹。

最近，这一教育网络机构已开始帮助整个美国东南部的发型设计师们在他们的美发店里实施类似计划。他们也是向学校、社区组织和教堂传播信息的有价值的资源。

这一组织还总结出了一些对其他从事同样工作的团体颇有裨益的方法。尽管还没有一种能战胜艾滋病的方法，但这一网络机构在与艾滋病斗争中获得了以下经验：

以社区居民能接受的方式与他们交谈。许多社区的居民受教育比例低，这使得向他们散发艾滋病资料、希望他们自己阅读这一做法不切实际。为解决这一问题，需要请一些善于绘画的人来编写适合于教育程度低的居民阅读的艾滋病教育图书。

这些书采用简单的、手工绘制的“忧伤的脸”和“幸福的脸”等图画，说明防止感染艾滋病的方法。这些书也展示一些看上去同那些需要接受教育的人很相似的图片。当居民们看到熟悉的面孔和能够理解的语言时，就会发表更多的议论和看法。这样一来，这些书在使用它们的社区里所产生的影响要比出版的书产生的影响大，而出版的书籍成本要高出数千美元。

培训青少年去教育自己的同龄人。由于艾滋病在南部农村地区的青少年当中传播速度最快，发型设计师们设立了一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目，培训8到26岁的青少年，让他们到社区给同龄人上“艾滋病101”课程。这些青少年使这门课程变得简单易学，在向他们的同龄朋友解释感染艾滋病的危险性时，他们干得比成年人出色得多。他们在帮助父母理解孩子所经受的各种来自于同龄人的压力方面也起着重要作用。

对“存在危险”这一概念重新界定，从而把不同背景、不同婚姻状况的妇女都包括进去。一位妇女的医生对她说她不存在染上艾滋病的危险，因为她已经结婚，而且不吸毒。这类错误观念困扰着医疗机构。根据疾病控制中心的预测，女性将占感染艾滋病病毒人数的80%。

发型设计师们也强调每个人都存在着危险， 所以我们每个人都有权保护自己——无论结婚与否。 这些经验不是解决艾滋病危机的唯一方法，但在找到治疗艾滋病的方法之前，教育不失为预防感染艾滋病病毒的唯一安全措施。

和以前其他传染病不同，艾滋病这一传染性疾病有可能夺去一代人的生命，从而使另一代人失去双亲。因而我们决不能让文化、种族和社会的障碍阻止我们专心从事我们必须做的工作。我们也不能因为工作效率低而放弃我们的工作。这是一场不宣而战的战争，我们每个人都必须参加，只有这样我们才能取得胜利。我们绝对不能因为谈论艾滋病会使我们感到难受，而听任人们继续被艾滋病夺去生命。每个人都必须成为教育者，必须学会生存。

The Last Dive at the Olympics

I climbed the ladder, heard my dive announced, and commenced the moves that would thrust me into the air. Pushing off the diving board with my legs, I lifted my arms and shoulders back, and knew immediately I would be close to the board and might hit my hands. I tried to correct myself as I turned, spreading my hands wide apart. Then I heard a strange sound and my body lost control. Moments later I realized I had hit my head on the board.

Initially, I felt embarrassed. I wanted to hide, to get out of the pool without anyone seeing me. Next I felt intense fear. Had I cut my head? Was I bleeding? Was there blood in the pool? Swimming to the side, I noticed many shocked faces. People were worried about my head; I was worried about something far more threatening. An official examined my head. In haste, I pushed him away, and everyone else who approached me. \"Don't touch me!\" I felt like screaming. \"Get away from me!\"

These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until this dive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was more significant than winning. I might have endangered other divers' lives if I had spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew—that few others knew—was that I was HIV-positive.

According to my mother, my natural parents were Samoan and only teenagers when I was born, so they gave me up for adoption. When I was only eighteen months old, I started gym classes. At ten, I explored doing gym exercises off the diving board at the pool.

Because of my dark skin, kids at school called me names; I often got mugged coming home from school. My diving made me feel good about myself when my peers made me feel stupid. In the seventh grade, I started taking drugs.

At sixteen, I knew I had a shot at the 1976 Olympics. At the trials, one month prior to the finals, I took the first place on the ten-meter platform and on the springboard! This was surprising because I had trained mostly on the platform. In the finals, I won the silver medal for the platform. Unfortunately, I wasn't happy. Instead, I felt I failed because I hadn't won the gold. After that, I started training with Ron O'Brien, a well-known Olympic diving coach. Ron understood me and assisted me to work more intensely. I soon became the international leader in diving. In the 1984 Olympics, I won two gold medals, one for platform, one for springboard. This was an

enjoyable triumph.

No one knew then I was gay, except Ron and a few friends. I feared I would be hated if people found out. Four years later, while preparing for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, I learned my partner had AIDS. I had to accept I might be HIV-positive or have AIDS, too. When my HIV test results returned positive, I was shocked and confused. Was I dying? Had my shot at the '88 Olympics vaporized? What should I do? During this very difficult time, I couldn't tell anyone for fear I wouldn't be able to compete in the Olympics if people learned I was HIV-positive.

Everyone was alarmed when I hit my head on the board at the trials in Seoul. Regardless, I made it to the finals. When we practiced the next morning, my coach made me start with the dive I'd hit my head on. At first, I was scared, but Ron made me do it six times. With each repetition, I felt more confident.

During my last dive in the finals, I enjoyed for the last time the quietness underwater and then swam to the side of the pool. Afraid to look at the scoreboard, I watched Ron's face. Suddenly he leapt into the air, the crowd cheered, and I knew I'd won—two gold medals, one for the three-meter springboard and one for the ten-meter platform. No one knew how hard it had been, except Ron and the friends I'd told I was HIV-positive.

AIDS forced me to stop diving; I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics.

我登上梯子，听到起跳的指令，便开始做跃入空中的动作。我用脚蹬跳板，臂膀向后抬起，但马上意识到身体下落时可能会靠近跳板，碰伤手。转动身体时，我努力纠正动作，尽量把胳膊张开。接着我听到一种奇怪的响声，身体就失去了控制。很快我便意识到自己的头部碰到了跳板。

开始时我觉得很尴尬，想藏起来，想离开游泳池，而不让别人发现。接着便感到十分恐惧。头碰破了吗？流血了吗？ 游泳池里有没有血？ 我游到池边，注意到许多张惊愕的脸。人们都担心我头部是否受伤，而我却担心着比这更为可怕的事情。一位来检查我的头部。我赶忙把他和其他所有接近我的人推开。“别碰我！”我几乎是在大叫，“走开！”

这是1988年在韩国汉城举行的奥运会预选赛。在这一跳之前，我的成绩名列前茅。但现在，另外一件事情比获胜更重要。要是我的血溅到了游泳池里，就会危及其他跳水选手的生命。因为我知道——其他少数几个人也知道——我是艾滋病病毒携带者。

母亲告诉我，我的生身父母是萨摩亚人，我出生时他们才十几岁，所以他们把我送给别人抚养。我18个月大的时候便开始接受体操训练。10岁时我便在游泳池的跳板上训练。

由于我肤色黑，常常遭到学校里孩子们的辱骂。放学回家时常常遭到欺负。尽管同龄孩子们让我觉得自己不如别人，但跳水却使我对自己有了信心。上七年级时，我开始吸毒。

在16岁时，我获得参加1976年奥运会的机会。在决赛前一个月举行的预赛中，我获得了十米跳台和跳板的第一名！ 这是惊人的，因为我主要进行的是跳台训练。在决赛中我获得了跳台银牌。遗憾的是，我并不感到快乐。相反，我觉得自己失败了，因为我没能获得金牌。之后，我就跟着著名的奥运跳水教练罗恩•布赖恩训练。罗恩了解我，帮我加大训练强度。我很快成了国际跳水运动的顶尖选手。在1984年奥运会上我夺得两枚金牌：一枚跳台金牌，一枚跳板金牌。这是可喜的胜利。

除了罗恩和几个朋友外，那时没有人知道我是同性恋者。我害怕如果人们知道了这一情况会对我感到厌恶。四年之后，当我为1988年汉城奥运会作准备时，得知我的伴侣得了艾滋病。我可能也是艾滋病病毒阳性或染上了艾滋病, 我得接受这一现实。当我知道自己的艾滋病检验结果是阳性时，我感到震惊和困惑。我会死去吗？ 我想在88年奥运会上再铸辉煌的心愿会化为泡影吗？ 我该怎么办？ 然而在这艰难的时刻，我却不能把这些告诉任何人，因为一旦人们知道我是艾滋病病毒阳性，我便不能参加奥运会比赛了。

汉城奥运会预赛时我头部碰到了跳板，大家都很吃惊。尽管如此，我还是进入了决赛。第二天早晨训练时，教练让我从头部碰到跳板时的跳水动作开始练。起先我很害怕，但罗恩让我做了6次。每重复一次，我的信心就更增强一分。

在决赛的最后一跳时，我最后一次领略了水下的宁静，然后我游到池边。我不敢看计分牌，我看着罗恩的脸。突然他跳了起来，人群欢呼了起来，我知道自己赢了——两枚金牌，一枚三米跳板金牌，一

枚十米跳台金牌。除了知道我是艾滋病病毒阳性的罗恩和几个朋友，没有人知道这是多么的不容易。

艾滋病迫使我停止跳水；这次奥运会之后，我只好退出职业跳水生涯。

Unit 6

The Trashman

Saturday, April 7

Steve and I hauled trash for four solid hours continuously, except for about five minutes when we stopped to talk. My shoulder hurt wickedly each time I put another full barrel on it, and my legs occasionally trembled as I was heading to the street, but the rest of me said, \"Go, trashman, go.\"

I could not have imagined there would be joy in this. Dump. Lift. Walk. Lift. Walk. The hours flew by. Saturday meant most adults were at home on the route. So were school-age children. I thought this might mean more exchanges as I made the rounds today. Many people were outdoors working in their gardens or greenhouses. Most looked approachable enough. There wasn't time for lengthy talks but enough to exchange greetings that go with civilized ways.

I was shocked to find that this wasn't the case.

I said hello in quite a few yards before the message registered that this wasn't normally done. Occasionally, I got a direct reply from someone who looked me in the eye, smiled, and asked, \"How are you?\" or \"Isn't this a nice day?\" I felt human then. But most often the response was either nothing at all, or a surprised stare because I had spoken.

One woman in a housecoat was startled as I came around the corner of her house. At the sound of my greeting, she gathered her housecoat tightly about her and retreated quickly indoors. I heard the lock click. Another woman had a huge, peculiar animal in her yard. I asked what it was. She stared at me. I thought she was deaf and spoke louder. She seemed frightened as she turned coldly away.

Steve raged spontaneously about these things on the long ride to the dump.

\"The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. Say 'hello' and they stare at you in surprise. They don't realize we're human.

\"One lady put ashes in her trashcan. I said we couldn't take them. She said, 'Who are you to say what goes? You're nothing but a trashman.' I told her, 'Listen, lady, I've got an IQ of 137, and I graduated near the top of my high school class. I do this for the money, not because it's the only work I can do.'

\"I want to tell them, 'Look, I am as clean as you are,' but it wouldn't help. I don't tell anyone I'm a garbageman. I say I'm a truck driver. My family knows, but my wife's folks don't. If someone comes right out and asks, 'Do you drive for a garbage company?' I say yes. I believe we're doing a service people need, like being a police officer or a fire fighter. I'm not ashamed of it, but I don't go around boasting about it either.

\"A friend of my wife yelled at her kids one day when they ran out to meet a trash truck. 'Stay away from those trashmen. They're dirty.' I was angry with her. 'They're as good as we are,' I told her. 'You seem to have a lot of sympathy for them,' she said'Yes, I do.' But I never told her why.\"

I had originally planned to stay at this employment for only two days but now I'm going to continue. The exercise is great; the lifting gets easier with every load, even if my shoulder muscles are sore. I become faster and neater each day. I'm outdoors in clean air. And, contrary to what people think, I don't get dirty on the job.

I have decided, too, to keep saying hello in people's yards. It doesn't do any harm, and it still feels right. Frankly, I'm proud. I'm doing an essential task. I left this country a little cleaner than I found it this morning. Not many people can say that each night.

John Gardner wrote that a society, which praises its philosophers and looks down on its plumbers, is in for trouble. \"Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water,\" he warns. He might have gone a step further and called for respect for both our economists and our trashmen; otherwise, they'll both leave garbage behind.

4月7日，星期六

我和史蒂夫已拖运垃圾整整四个小时了，中间只停下来说了约五分钟的话。每次我将满满的一桶垃圾扛上肩，肩膀就痛得厉害，有时候扛着垃圾朝街上走，腿都打颤，可我心里却对自己说：“挺住，垃圾工，要挺住。”

我原本就没有想过这工作会有什么快乐可言。倒、扛、走、扛、走。时间过得飞快。

星期六意味着一路上大多数成年人会呆在家里。上学的孩子也一样。我心里琢磨，这可能意味着我挨家挨户收垃圾时可以和人们多搭上几句话了。很多人在花园里或花房里干活儿。多数人看上去是可以说说话的。虽没有工夫聊很久，但问候几句以示礼貌还是有时间的。

但我吃惊地发现并不是这么回事。直到我在几家院子里问候了几次以后，才意识到这么做是不常见的。偶尔，有人也会看着我，微笑一下，对我说一声“你好”，或者“今天天气真好”。这时，我还是感到有人情味儿。可多数情况下，人们的反应要么是不理我，要么是因为我这个垃圾工竟然也和他们说话而惊讶地盯着我看。

一个身着家常便服的妇女见我绕过她家的拐角，脸上露出惊讶之色。听到我向她打招呼，她就赶紧用衣服把自己严严实实地遮了起来，并匆忙退回屋里。我还听到咔嗒一声门被锁上了。另一个妇女，院子里养了一只巨大古怪的动物。我问她那是什么动物，她两眼盯着我。我以为她耳背，所以提高了声音。她好像给吓着了似的，冷冷地转身走了。

这儿离垃圾场有很长一段路，在驾车去垃圾场的路上，史蒂夫气愤地叙说着这些事情。

“从多数人看你的那种眼光，就知道在他们眼里垃圾工是怪物。如果你对他们问声好，他们就惊奇地看着你。他们根本没想到我们也是人。”

“有个女人往垃圾箱里倒烟灰。我说，我们这样没法装运。她说，‘我倒什么你管得着吗，你算什么东西? 你不过是个垃圾工罢了。’我说，‘听着，太太，我的智商是137，高中毕业时是班上的尖子生。我干这活是为了挣钱，不是因为我只能干这个。’” “我真想对他们说，‘你瞧瞧，我跟你们一样干净。’可这没用。我从不对任何人说我是垃圾工。我说我是卡车司机。我家里人知道，可我妻子的家人不知道。如果有人正好碰到，问‘你是给垃圾公司开车吗?’我就说是。我相信我们做的事是人们所需要的，就像当或者消防队员一样。我并不为此而感到见不得人，可我也不会到处去吹嘘自己的工作。”

“有一天，我妻子的一个朋友见到她孩子从家里跑出来看垃圾车，她就大声叫嚷起来，‘离那些垃圾工远点，他们身上脏’。我很生她的气。我说，‘那些垃圾工和我们一样干净。’‘你好像很同情他们似的，’她说。‘是的，我是很同情他们。’可我从没有告诉她这是为什么。”

这活儿我原先只打算干两天，可现在我要干下去。这可锻炼人呢，虽然肩部肌肉酸痛，可我扛垃圾桶越扛越得心应手了。我越干越快，越干越利索。在室外干活还可以呼吸新鲜空气，而且完全不像人们认为的那样，我干的活儿其实很干净。

我还决定继续在人家的院子里向人们说“你好”。这不会有什么坏处，而且感觉依旧不错。说实话，我感到骄傲，我在做一项必不可少的工作。每晚工作结束时，我发现这个国家比早上更干净了。并不是许多人每晚都能这样说的。

约翰•加德纳曾写道，一个只赞扬哲学家而蔑视管道工的社会必定会出现麻烦。他警告说：“这个社会的管道和理论都会出问题。”他也许应该进一步要求人们既尊重经济学家又尊重垃圾工；不然的话，他们都会在身后留下垃圾。

The Company Man

He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning.

The article about his death didn't say that, of course. It said he died of a heart attack, but every one of his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly. He was a perfect Type A, addicted to working, they said to each other and shook their heads—and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived.

This man, Phil, who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning—on his day off—was at work. He had devoted the last eighteen years of his life to that work. He was fifty-one years old

and a vice-president. More precisely, he was one of six vice-presidents, and one of three that might conceivably if the president died or retired soon enough—have been promoted to the top spot. Phil could not afford a rest.

He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives. He did not divide his time with outside interests, unless, of course, you consider his monthly game of golf. To Phil, it was work. He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk. He was, of course, overweight and had high blood pressure. On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit because it was the weekend.

He had a lot of people working under him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked and admired him most of the time. Three of them will be seriously considered for his job. The article ignored this information.

But it did list his \"survivors\" quite accurately. He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight years old, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering. She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago when the children were small. A company friend said, \"I know how much you will miss him.\" And she answered, \"I already have.\"

\"Missing him all these years,\" she had given up a part of herself, which had cared too much for the man. She would be \"well taken care of\".

His \"dearly beloved\" eldest of the \"dearly beloved\" children is a hard-working executive in a manufacturing firm down South. The day before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood talking to people and trying to get to know his father better. The neighbors were embarrassed, and pretended to know him better than they did.

His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married. She lives near her mother and they are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had very little to say to each other.

The youngest child is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate and like a lot of his friends, he is content to do enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food. His father's work did not suit him. Still, he was the one who tried to reach his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home. He was his father's favorite. Over the last two years, Phil stayed up nights worrying about the boy.

The boy once said, \"My father and I only board here.\"

At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president told the forty-eight-year-old widow that the fifty-one-year-old deceased had meant so much to the company and would be missed and hard to replace. The widow couldn't bear to look him in the eye. She was afraid he would read her bitterness and, after all, she would need him to straighten out their finances—the stock options and all that.

Phil was overweight, always wound up and worked too hard. If he wasn't at the office, he was worried about it. He was a natural choice for a heart attack. You could have picked him out in a minute from a line-up.

So when he finally worked himself to death, at precisely 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning, no one was really surprised.

By 5:00 P.M. the afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun, discreetly of course, with care and taste, to make inquiries about his replacement—one of three men. He asked around, \"Who's been working the hardest?\"

星期天凌晨三点整，他终于把自己累死了。

当然，讣告并没有这么说，只说他死于心脏病。但是他的朋友和熟人很快就明白了是怎么回事。 他是个典型的A型人，工作成瘾。相互间他们这么说，摇着头，并且沉思五或十分钟，反思他们的生活方式。

此君叫菲尔，星期天凌晨三点整，把自己累死了。那天是他的休息日，可他却在工作。他把自己生命中的最后18年献给了那项工作。他51岁，是公司的一位副总裁。更确切地说，他是六位副总裁之一，而且，假如公司总裁去世或者很快退休的话，他是有可能升至最高职位的三位副总裁之一。菲尔是休息不起的。

他每周工作六天，其中五天每天工作到晚上八点或九点，而此时他的公司除了当官的，其他人都已开始每周工作四天。他拨不出时间来做户外活动，除非你把他每月打一次高尔夫球也算在内。对于菲尔来说，那也是工作。他总是在办公桌上吃鸡蛋色拉三明治。当然，他比较胖，患有高血压。每逢星期六，菲尔就穿运动茄克衫而不是西服去办公室，因为是周末。

他手下有很多人，大约60个，多数时候大多数人都喜欢他，敬慕他。其中三人将被认真考虑来接替他的工作。讣告对此避而不谈。

然而讣告却一一列出了被他“留下的人”。在他身后有妻子海伦，她48岁，心地善良，但却没有特别的职业技能，结婚生子之前曾做过办公室工作。据她女儿说，多年前孩子们还小时，她就放弃了与他的工作竞争。公司的一位朋友说：“我知道你将多么思念他。”而她回答道：“我早已这样了。”

“这些年来思念着他，”她已经放弃了自己的一部分，这部分的她太关心这个男人了。从此她将“得到很好的关照” 。

他“亲爱的孩子”中“亲爱的长子”在南方的一家制造公司当经理，工作很努力。在安葬父亲的前一天，他走访了邻居，试图多了解他的父亲。邻居们很尴尬，只能装作比事实上更了解他的父亲。

他的第二个孩子是个女儿，今年24岁，刚刚结婚她住在她母亲附近，两人关系亲密。但是，以前每当她和父亲单独在一起时，比如开车去什么地方时，两人几乎无话可说。

最小的是个男孩，今年20岁，是个高中毕业生。和他的许多朋友一样，他满足于打零工，以维持吃饭和吸大麻。他父亲的工作不适合他。虽然如此，他依然努力理解他父亲，努力表明自己对他很重要，以此将他拴在家里。他是他父亲的最爱。在过去的两年里，菲尔常为担心这个男孩而睡不着觉。

这男孩有一次说道：“我和我父亲只住在这里。”

在葬礼上，60岁的公司总裁告诉48岁的寡妇，51岁的死者对公司非常重要，公司会思念他，很难找到人来代替他。寡妇不敢正面看他。她担心他会看出她的不快。毕竟，她需要他来理清他们之间的财务——优先认股权等等之类。

菲尔身体胖，弦总是绷得紧紧的，工作太卖力。如果他不在办公室，他就放心不下。他是容易患心脏病的那种人。在一大群人中，你一眼就能将他辨认出来。

因此，当他星期天凌晨三点整终于把自己累死时，没有人真正感到吃惊。安葬的那天下午五点，公司总裁开始（当然非常谨慎地）向他的左右询问接替菲尔的人选（三者之一）的情况。他问大家：“谁工作最卖力？”

Unit 7

Face to Face with Guns

Like most city folks, I'm cautious. I scan the street and pathways for anything—or anyone—unusual before pulling into the garage. That night was no exception. But, as I walked out of the garage, KFC chicken in hand, a portly, unshaven young man in a stocking cap and dark nylon jacket emerged from the shrub by the parking pad and put his pistol between my eyes.

\"Give it up, mother-,\" he threatened. \"Give it up.\"

\"Hey,\" I said, \"just take it.\" As I spoke, I set the KFC box on the planter beside the pathway, contriving as I did so to toss my house keys into a bush.

\"Where's your money? Where's your money?\" he barked. Everything he said during our encounter was repeated; instinctively, I did the same.

\"It's in my wallet. It's in my wallet,\" I said.

He moved behind me, put his gun on my neck and began to search my trouser pockets. \"Where's your wallet?\" he asked. \"It's in my back pocket.\"

\"Where's the rest of your money?\" \"I don't have any more money.\" \"Where's your watch?\"

\"Here,\" I replied, extending my left arm sideways.

Just then, his partner appeared. Slight and shorter, he held an enlarged blue steel pistol. His dark eyes shone like polished glass; his arms and legs moved unexpectedly, as if attached to unseen wires.

His voice snapped, \"Stop looking at us. Stop looking at us.\"

He wasn't stupid. I've seen enough criminal trials to know victims of armed attacks are seldom able to identify their offenders because their attention focuses on the guns, rather than on their users. I consciously noted details of their faces.

\"I'm not looking at you,\" I lied as the big one ripped the watch from my wrist.

\"Get down. Get down,\" the thin one ordered. He grabbed my glasses and tossed them onto the lawn.

By then, I was flat on my face on the pathway, its dirt against my forehead. The big one's gun dug into the back of my head, the thin one's pistol into my left temple.

I thought, \"I am going to die. This is going to kill Leslie. Lord, have mercy on me, a sinner.\" \"What's this?\" the big one asked. I rolled my head to the right. \"It's KFC chicken,\" I said.

\"We'll take it,\" the big one snapped.

And, suddenly—wallet, watch and chicken in hand—their footsteps faded down the darkened street. I turned to see their shadows get into a car and speed away.

I had been spared, but by what? Mercy? A short attention span? Hunger?

\"How peculiar,\" I thought, \"to have your life saved by fried chicken. I saw eternity; they saw food.\"

I got to my feet, found the keys, entered and called 911. The operator took a description of the robbers and sent a police car. I poured a stiff drink and, soon, two uniformed officers of the LAPD arrived. They took a report and admitted the \"important thing\" was nobody was hurt.

\"But,\" one officer said on leaving, \"taking your chicken, that's rough.\"

Later, an officer telephoned for additional details. He said the pair's methods suggested they might be the same men who had committed a number of robberies in the area over the past few months. He asked me to come to the station and look through mug shots.

So, last Monday I looked through album-sized books of pictures mostly of young men—an amazing number of them actually children.

Turning those pages and studying their photographs is like flowing on a sad current that, like Blake's Thames, seems to \"mark in every face, marks of weakness, marks of woe.\"

Together, these young men are a kind of river—one that is out of control, eating at the foundations of things we hold dear: our freedom to move about; the fruits of our labor; our own lives and those of people we value. Some day, we will have to face this river and seek the depths of its discontent.

Presently, all we can do is look at mug shots and stick our fingers in the dam.

和大多数城里人一样，我非常小心谨慎。在把车开进车库前，我会扫视街道和周围的小路，看看有没有异常的人或物。那天晚上也不例外。可是当我手里拿着肯德基炸鸡走出车库时，一个身材圆胖、留着短髭、头戴绒线帽、身穿深色尼龙夹克的年轻人从停车处旁的灌木丛中钻出来，把手顶在我的双眼之间。

“交出来，──，”他威胁道，“交出来。” “嗨，”我说，“拿去吧。”我一边说，一边把肯德基快餐盒放在小路旁边的花盆上，同时设法把我房子的钥匙扔进灌木丛中。

“你的钱在哪儿? 你的钱在哪儿?”他吼道。在我们遭遇的全过程中，他会重复自己说的每一句话；出于本能，我也同样重复着自己的话。

“在我钱包里，在我钱包里。”我说。

他走到我的背后，把顶在我的脖子上，开始搜我的裤子口袋。 “钱包在哪儿?”他问。 “在后面的口袋里。” “还有呢?”

“我就这么多钱了。” “手表在哪儿?” “在这儿，”我边回答边把左臂伸出去。

就在这时，他的同伙出现了。他很瘦小，手持一支加大的蓝色钢制手。他深色的眼睛里闪着光，好似擦亮了的玻璃；他手臂和双腿毫无预示地移动着，就好像是连着看不见的电线似的。

他厉声说道，“不许看我们，不许看我们。”

他并不蠢。我看过许多刑事审判，因而知道在那些武装袭击的受害者中，很少有人能够辨认出袭击他们的人，因为他们的注意力全集中在上，而没有注意持人。我有意识地留意了一下他们的面部细节。

“我没有看你们。”当那个大个子劫匪把手表从我的手腕上扯下来时，我撒了个谎。 “趴下，趴下，”那小个子命令我，并一把摘下了我的眼镜，把它扔到草坪上。

这时，我已面朝下趴在了地上，前额紧贴着地面的泥土。那个大个子劫匪用顶着我的后脑勺，小个子用手紧紧顶着我左边的太阳穴。

我当时想，“这下完了。莱斯利会受不了的。主啊，可怜可怜我这个有罪的人吧。” “这是什么?”大个子问道。 我把头转向右边。 “是肯德基炸鸡，”我说。 “我们要带走，”大个子厉声说道。

于是，突然间，劫匪们手里拿着钱包、手表和炸鸡，脚步声在黑暗的街道上越来越远。 我转过身，看见他们的影子钻进了一辆汽车，急速地开走了。

他们没有杀我，但他们为什么这么做呢? 是仁慈? 是因为时间太紧而顾不上? 还是因为饥饿? “多奇怪啊，”我心中暗想，“竟然是炸鸡救了我的命。我看到的是死亡，而他们看到的是食物。” 我站起身来，找到了钥匙，进了屋，然后拨通了911。接线员记下了我对劫匪的描述，然后派了辆警车来。我为自己倒了一杯烈性酒，不一会儿，两个穿制服的洛杉矶局的就到了。他们对此事作了笔录，说“幸好”没有受伤。 “但是，” 临走时一个对我说，“他们拿走了你的炸鸡，这实在太不像话了。”

后来，一个打电话来询问其他细节。他说这两个劫匪的作案手法表明他们可能就是过去几个月里这一地区多起抢劫案的实施者。他让我到局去看一下疑犯的照片。

于是，上周一我翻看了相簿大小的几本照片，多数是年轻人的──令人惊讶的是其中有相当一部分实际上还是孩子。

一张张翻看并研读这些照片，仿佛漂流在一条让人伤心的河流上，就像身处英国诗人布莱克笔下的泰晤士河，似乎“看见每一个过往行人都是满脸饥色，一副苦相”。

这些年轻人聚合在一起构成了一条河流──一条已失去控制的河流，这条河流正吞噬着我们所珍视的东西的基础：我们的行动自由，我们的劳动果实，我们的生命，以及那些我们所珍视的人的生命。总有一天，我们将不得不面对这条河流，并探索其对现实不满的深层原因。

而目前，我们所能做的就是看看罪犯的照片，并参与到构筑抑制犯罪的大坝中去。

Should I Have a Gun?

I own a black gun with a brown handle. It holds five bullets and stays loaded by my bed.

I've always advocated gun control; the odd thing is I still do. It wasn't ignorance of crime statistics nor thinking I was immune to violence that previously kept me from owning a gun.

I assumed because I didn't believe in violence, because I wasn't violent, I wouldn't be affected by violence. I

believed my belief in the best of human nature could make it real.

I should transport the gun from my residence to my vehicle, but I don't. What the gun is capable of, what it is intended for, still frightens me more than what it may prevent. If I carry my gun and I am attacked, I must use it to kill, not just injure.

I have confronted an attacker in my imagination, not in reality. A man is walking down the street. I lock my car and walk to my apartment with my key ready. Before I reach the door, I think I hear a voice say, \"Money.\" Before I open the door I hear a voice and turn to see the man with a gun.

He is frightened. I am frightened I will scare him and he will shoot, or I will give him my money and he will still shoot. I am also angry because someone I've never met and never hurt is pointing a gun at me.

Something makes me uncomfortable about this imagined robbery, something I don't want to admit, something I almost intentionally omitted because I am ashamed.

I understand why I imagined being robbed by a man: They're physically more dominating and I've never heard of anyone being robbed by a female.

But why is he a black man? Why is he a Negro male with a worn T-shirt and shining eyes? Why is he not a white man?

I imagine standing in a gas station on Claiborne and Jackson waiting to pay the cashier when a black man walks up behind me. I do not turn around. I stare ahead waiting to pay. I try not to reveal I feel anxiety just because a black man has walked up behind me in a gas station in a bad neighborhood and he does not have a car.

I imagine another possibility. I am walking with my gun in my hand when I hear the voice. The man must not have seen my gun. I get angry because I am threatened, because someone is endangering my life for the money in my pocket.

I turn and without really thinking, angry and frightened, I shoot. I kill a man for $50 or perhaps $100. It doesn't matter that he was trying to rob me. A man has died for money, not my money or his money, just money. Who put that price on his life?

I remember driving one night with my friend in her parents' automobile. We stopped at a red light at Carlton and Tulane where a black man was crossing the street in front of us. My friend automatically locked the doors.

I am disgusted she saw the man as a reminder to lock her doors. I wonder if he noticed us doing so. I wonder how it feels when people lock their doors at the sight of you.

I imagine another confrontation in front of my apartment. I have my gun when a man asks for money. I am angry and scared, but I do not use the gun. I fear what may happen if I don't use it, but am more afraid of killing another human being, more afraid of trying to live with the guilt of murdering another person. I bet my life that he will take my money and leave. I hope I win.

Now I enter a gasoline station near my house. A black man is already waiting in line. He jumps and turns around. Seeing me, he relaxes and says I scared him because of the way things have become in this neighborhood.

Sorry, I say and smile. I realize I'm not the only one who is frightened.

我有一支黑色手，手柄是棕色的。手就搁在我的床头，里面装着五颗子弹，并且总是上了膛的。 我一贯主张控制支，奇怪的是我现在依然主张控制支。以前我没有，并不是因为我对有关犯罪的统计资料不了解，也不是因为我自认为可以不受暴力的袭击。

以前我认为自己不相信暴力，我自己也没暴力倾向，所以我不会受到暴力的侵袭。我还认为我对人性本善的信念会使这一假想成为现实。

我应该把从住所带到车上，但是我没有这样做。这支可以做的、被用来做的，比它所能阻止的更让我感到恐惧。如果我带着的时候遭到了袭击，那我就一定会用它来杀人，而不仅仅是伤人。

我曾想象自己遭遇歹徒的袭击，并不是真的遇到这种事：一个男子正在街上走。我锁上车，朝公寓走去，拿着钥匙准备开门。还没有走到门口，我觉得我听到一个声音在说，“把钱给我。” 在我打开门之

前我又听到了一个声音，然后我转过身，看到了一个持的人。

他很害怕。我害怕我会吓着他，致使他朝我开，我还担心我把钱给他以后，他仍然会朝我开。我同样也很生气，因为一个我从未见过、也从未伤害过的人在用指着我。

我想象的这起抢劫中有某种令我不安的东西，这是我不愿承认的东西，这是因为羞愧而被我有意略去的东西。

我明白我为什么会想象自己遭到一个男子的抢劫：他们在身体上占有优势，而且我也从没听说有谁遭到过一个女人的抢劫。

但为什么这个人是个黑人呢?为什么是个穿着破旧T恤, 双眼发亮的黑人男子呢? 为什么不是个白人?

我想象我站在克莱尔本街和杰克逊街拐角处的一个加油站等待付款，这时，一个黑人从我身后走来。 我没有回头，而是正眼朝前看，等着付款。我尽量不表现出自己的焦虑，而这种焦虑的产生仅仅是因为在一个名声不好的街区的加油站有一个黑人从我身后走来，而且他没有汽车。

我又想象另一种可能性。当我听见那个声音时，我正带着在街上走。那人一定没看见我的。我很生气，因为我受到了威胁，因为有人为了得到我口袋里的钱而危及着我的生命。

于是我转过身，既愤怒又恐惧，还未细想就开了。我也许只是因为50或100美元就杀了一个人。 他曾试图抢劫我，可这一点并不重要。一个人因为钱而死，不一定是我的钱或者是他的钱，只是钱。是谁给他的生命如此标价的呢?

我记得有一个晚上和朋友一起开着她父母的车，在卡尔顿街和图兰街交叉处遇到红灯，车停了下来。这时有一个黑人从我们车前穿过马路。我的朋友便不由自主地锁上了车门。

我很讨厌她一看到那个黑人就锁上车门的举动。不知他是否注意到了我们这一举动。不知当别人一看到你就锁上车门，那会是一种什么样的感觉。

我又设想另外一种在我的公寓前遭遇歹徒的情景。当一个人向我要钱时我正带着。我很生气又很害怕，但我没有用。我害怕在我不使用的情况下可能发生的事情，但我更害怕杀死别人，害怕在因为杀了人而使良心遭受的无尽谴责中活着。于是我以生命做赌注，希望他拿了我的钱就会离开。但愿我能赢。

现在我走进了我家附近的一家加油站。一个黑人已经在排队等候。他突然跳起来并转过身，在看见我以后才放松下来，对我说我吓着他了，因为这一带常出事。

“对不起，”我微笑着说。我意识到担惊受怕的并不只是我一个人。

Unit 8

Birth of Bright Ideas

No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until you're tired, forget it, maybe sleep on it, and then flash! When you aren't thinking about it, suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods.

Of course, all ideas don't occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery, but they must come from somewhere. Let's assume they come from the \"unconscious\". This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes, which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.

All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.

Take the example of Richard Wagner composing the opening to \"Rhinegold\". Wagner had been occupied with the idea of the \"Ring\" for several years, and for many months had been struggling to begin composing. On

September 4, 1853, he reached Spezia sick, went to a hotel, could not sleep for noise without and fever within, took a long walk the next day, and in the afternoon flung himself on a couch intending to sleep. Then at last the miracle happened for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long. Falling into a sleeplike condition, he suddenly felt as though he was sinking in a mighty flood of water, and the rush and roar soon took musical shape within his brain. He recognized that the orchestral opening to the \"Rhinegold\which he must have carried about within him yet had never been able to put into form, had at last taken its shape within him. In this example, the conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes by which the solution was found.

As a contrast, we may consider a famous story: the discovery by Henri Poincare, the great French mathematician, of a new mathematical method called the Fuchsian functions. Here we see the conscious mind, in a person of highest ability, actually watching the unconscious at work. For weeks, he sat at his table every day and spent an hour or two trying a great number of combinations but he arrived at no result. One night he drank some black coffee, contrary to his usual habit, and was unable to sleep. Many ideas kept surging in his head; he could almost feel them pushing against one another, until two of them combined to form a stable combination. When morning came, he had established the existence of one class of Fuchsian functions. He had only to prove the results, which took only a few hours. Here, we see the conscious mind observing the new combinations being formed in the unconscious, while the Wagner story shows the sudden explosion of a new concept into consciousness.

A third type of creative experience is exemplified by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum (\"I think; therefore, I exist\"). This dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm.

Wagner's, Poincare's, and Descartes' experiences are representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements.

奇思妙想是如何形成的，现在还没有令人满意的解释。你对某一个问题思考了很久，直至感到疲劳，把它忘掉了，也许暂时不去想它了，可后来却忽然来了灵感! 当你不去想它的时候，答案却突然从天而降，仿佛上苍赐予你的一份礼物。

当然，并非所有的思想都是这样产生的，但许多思想的产生确实如此，尤其是那些最为重要的思想。 它们猛然间跃入人的脑海，闪烁着创造的光芒。它们是如何出现在人的脑海中的呢?这还是个谜。但这些思想一定来自某个地方。我们姑且假定它们是来自“潜意识”吧。这是有道理的，心理学家就是用这一术语来描述不为人知的思维过程。创造性思维有赖于未知的东西变成已知的东西。

我们都有过灵机一动、突然有了一个新想法的经历，而这在那些富有创造性的天才人物身上最显而易见。他们中的许多人对这种经历有着强烈的感受，并在回忆录和信函中将其记录了下来。无论是宗教、哲学、文学，还是艺术、音乐，甚至数学、科学、技术发明，在任何领域的天才人物身上，我们都能找到这样的例子，虽然人们常常认为数学、科学以及技术发明所依赖的仅仅是逻辑和实验。一切真正创造性的活动都在某种程度上依赖于潜意识中的这些信号；一个人洞察力越强，这些信号就越鲜明、越引人注目。

以理查德•瓦格纳创作《莱茵河的黄金》的前奏曲为例。有关“钟声”的创意瓦格纳已经构思了几年时间，而他竭尽全力着手进行作曲也已经数月。1853年9月4日他抵达斯佩齐亚，当时他正在生病。他去了一家旅馆。由于旅馆外面噪音太大，而他又在发烧，所以他无法入睡。第二天，他出去散步，走了很长的路，下午，他一头扎进沙发想睡一觉。这时候，他的潜意识长期以来一直在寻找的奇迹发生了。他进入了似睡非睡的朦胧状态，骤然间感觉到自己仿佛掉进了滔滔洪水之中, 不断地下沉，很快，洪水的冲击声和咆哮声以音乐的形式呈现在他的脑海里。他意识到，久存于心中、却始终未能谱写成的《莱茵

河的黄金》管弦乐前奏曲终于在他脑海里形成了。在这个事例中，意识在创作的时候对发现答案的实际过程一无所知。

作为对照，我们可以举一个有名的事例，即法国伟大的数学家亨利•庞加莱发现被称为富克斯函数的数学新方法的故事。我们看到，在这位天才人物身上，意识活动事实上一直注视着潜意识所起的作用。一连几个星期，他每天伏案工作，花上一两个小时尝试着大量的组合，但毫无结果。一天夜里，他一反常规，喝了些清咖啡，无法入睡。许多想法在他脑子里不断涌现；他几乎能感觉到这些想法在相互碰撞，直到其中的两个结合在一起，形成了一个稳定的组合。到了早晨，他已经确证了一类富克斯函数的存在。 他只需去证明其结果，而这只需要几个小时即可以解决。在这件事中，我们看到意识一直注视着在潜意识中形成的新组合，而瓦格纳的例子则显示了一个新想法在意识中的突然迸发。

笛卡尔23岁时所做过的、决定了他的人生道路的一些梦，可以作为第三种创造性经历的例证。在这之前，笛卡尔一直在寻找确定性，先是在书本里，然后是在人群中，但均未成功。然后，在1619年11月10日的一次睡梦中，他有了一个意义重大的发现，即确定性只存在于自己的思想中，“我思，故我在”。 这场梦使他充满了强烈的宗教热情。

瓦格纳、庞加莱和笛卡尔的经历代表了各个文化领域中无数其他的经历。潜意识无疑是本能活动产生的源泉。然而，在创造性思维过程中，正是潜意识使得相对无序的成分变成新的有序形式。

Ways of Increasing Creativity

My guests had arrived, but once again, I'd forgotten to put the wine in the fridge. \"Don't worry,\" a friend said, \"I can chill it for you right away.\"

Five minutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectly cooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said, \"I poured it in a plastic bag and dipped it in ice water.\"

My guests applauded. \"How wonderful if we could all be that clever,\" one remarked.

A decade of enquiry has convinced me we can. What separates the average person from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isn't creative capacity. It's the ability to use that capacity by encouraging creative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldom achieve our creative potential but the reservoir of ideas hiding within every one of us can be unlocked.

The following techniques suggest concrete ways of increasing creativity:

Capture the fleeting. A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast, sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must be ready. Creative people are always ready to act—possibly the only difference between us and them.

In a letter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven wrote about thinking of a beautiful tune while half asleep in a carriage: \"But scarcely did I awake when away flew the tune and I could not recall any part of it.\" Fortunately, for Beethoven and for us, the next day in the same carriage, the tune returned to him and he captured it in writing.

When a good idea comes your way, write it down—on your arm if necessary. Not every idea will have value but capture it first and evaluate later.

Daydream. Painter Salvador Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. As he began to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on the floor. Shocked by the sound, he would awaken and immediately sketch the images seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep.

Everyone experiences this strange state and can take advantage of it. Try Dali's trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. Often, the \"three b's\"—bed, bath and bus—are productive. Anywhere you can be with your thoughts undisturbed, you'll find ideas emerge freely.

Seek challenges. Try inviting friends and business associates from different areas of your life to a party. Bringing people of different ages and social status together may help you think in new ways.

Edwin Land, one of America's most productive inventors, claimed the idea leading to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from his three-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she asked why she

couldn't see the picture he had just taken. During the next hour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned about chemistry came together, \"The camera and the film became clear to me. In my mind they were so real that I spent several hours describing them.\"

Expand your world. Many discoveries in science, engineering and the arts mix ideas from different fields. Consider \"The Two-String Problem\". Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though you can't reach both at once, is it possible to tie their ends together, using only a pair of pliers?

One college student tied the pliers to one string and set it in motion like a pendulum. As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly to the other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Then he caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied the two ends.

Asked how he succeeded, the student explained he had just come from a physics class on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one context transferred to a completely different one.

This principle works elsewhere as well. To enhance your creativity, learn something new. If you're a banker, take up tap dancing; if you're a nurse, try a course in vitamin therapy. Read a book on a new subject. Change your daily newspaper. The new will combine with the old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming more creative means paying attention to that endless flow of ideas you produce, and learning to capture and act upon the new that's within you.

客人已经到了, 但我又一次忘了把葡萄酒放进冰箱里。“别担心，” 一位朋友说，“我马上就能替你把酒冰好。”

五分钟后，她拿着完全冰镇好的葡萄酒从厨房走出来。当被问到有什么秘诀时，她说：“我把葡萄酒倒进塑料袋里，再把袋子浸入冰水中。”

客人们鼓掌喝彩。其中一个说，“要是我们大家都能这么聪明, 该多好啊! ”

十年来的研究使我确信, 我们都能变得那样聪明。普通人与爱迪生、毕加索或者莎士比亚之间的差别不在于是否有创造力,而在于是否有通过激发创造性灵感并将这种灵感付诸实践来利用创造力的能力。我们大多数人很少能充分发挥自己的创造潜力，可蕴藏在我们每个脑里的思想宝库是能够被开启的。

下面介绍几种提高创造力的具体方法。

捕捉稍纵即逝的想法。 好的想法就像兔子，会飞快地溜走，有时我们只能看到它的耳朵或者尾巴。所以, 要抓住它必须有所准备。有创造力的人总是随时准备采取行动——这也许是我们与这些人之间的唯一差别。

1821年，路德维希•凡•贝多芬在给朋友的一封信中谈到他在马车上打盹时想到了一首美妙的曲子，“可我一醒来, 那首曲子便无影无踪了，我怎么也记不起来。”好在当贝多芬第二天乘坐同一辆马车时，那首曲子又回到了他的脑海，于是他把它记录了下来，这对于贝多芬和我们都可谓是一件幸事。

有好主意的时候，把它写下来——必要时就写在手臂上。并非所有的想法都有价值, 但先捉住它, 以后再作评价。

冥思遐想。画家萨尔瓦多•达利经常手拿着勺子躺在沙发上。当他要入睡时，勺子就会掉到地板上的盘子里。响声会将他惊醒，他便立刻把在那个似睡非睡时的丰富世界里脑海中所浮现出来的众多形象绘成草图。

人人都会经历这种奇特的状态，并可以加以利用。不妨试一试达利的方法或者干脆让自己随心所欲地遐想。身处“三地”——床、浴室和公共汽车——常常会使你产生奇思妙想。只要你的思维不受干扰，你就会才思如泉涌。

寻找挑战。试一试邀请你生活中不同领域的朋友和商业伙伴来参加晚会。把不同年龄、不同社会地位的人组合在一起，会促使你用新的方法来思考问题。

美国最具创造力的发明家之一埃德温•兰德说，使他产生发明宝丽来相机这一想法的是他三岁的女儿。1943年在去圣菲游览时，女儿问他，为什么她无法看到他刚刚拍摄的照片。在接下来的一小时里，兰德一边在圣菲游览，一边在脑中汇聚着他学过的所有化学知识。“照相机和胶片对于我变得清晰可见。在我的脑海里，它们如此真实，我用了好几个小时琢磨它们。”

拓展你的视野。许多理工和人文科学方面的发现都融合了不同领域中的思想。以“两绳问题”为例。 两根相距甚远的绳子分别从天花板上垂下来。尽管你无法同时够到两根绳子，但有没有可能只用一把钳子就把两根绳子系到一起呢?

一位大学生把钳子系到一根绳子上，然后让它像钟摆那样摆动起来。在绳子来回摆动的时候，他迅速走到另一根绳子那儿，将其尽量向前拉。当摆动的绳子靠近他时，他把它抓住，然后将两根绳子系到一起。

当被问到是如何取得成功时，这个大学生解释道，他刚刚上完一堂有关摆动的物理课。他是把课堂上学到的知识应用到了一个完全不同的地方。

这个道理在其他方面也同样有效。要提高创造力，就得学习新的知识。如果你是银行家，就学一学跳踢踏舞；如果你是护士，就学一学维他命疗法。读一本关于某一门新学科的书，不要总是读同一家日报。新的东西与旧的东西会以全新的、可能是非常诱人的方式结合起来。要变得更有创造力意味着你得留心你那些无穷无尽的想法, 学会捕捉你脑子里的新东西，并将之付诸行动。

Unit 9

College Success Made Easy

A professor might have a hundred or more students in a class, or as few as three. Whatever the number, there's usually one student from the group that stands out as being special, fantastic even. No matter how difficult a professor's question, that one special student seems to know the answer. And no matter when a paper must be given to the teacher, that one special student is able to turn in his assignment on time and without a single error whatsoever.

Surely, you know a student like this. Possibly he arouses in you feelings of anger. Surely, it'd be magnificent to be like this person, but since it's not you who is doing so well, posting remarkable grades and completing schoolwork with such ease, feelings of anger build and build. \"Why can't I be more like this devil? Why can't I be the special one?\" you might ask yourself. Well, I'm here to tell you that it can be you.

As a university student, I'm very interested in what factors separate outstanding students from ones infinitely less accomplished. Instead of sitting back and hating successful students, I made it my mission to investigate the mysterious causes of their greatness. And the fruit of my analysis, after speaking to many top students and their professors, is a group of tips that anyone can use to awaken greatness up within himself and reach new peaks of excellence.

The first tip is: don't get behind. The problem of studying, hard enough to start with, becomes almost impossible when you are trying to do three weeks' work in one weekend. Even the fastest readers have trouble doing that. And if you are behind in written work that must be turned in, the teacher who accepts it late will probably not give you full credit. Perhaps he may not accept it at all. Most teachers believe that it is your responsibility to do work according to a reasonable plan, and they expect you to take it seriously. Little room is given to students that are not able to manage their work and time.

One major problem in school comes from the amount of material; there's so much to do that you may not know what to do first. Most people might want to do the easiest thing first, but that is a bad idea. Entertain an alternative plan! Always do what's most difficult first, just to get it out of the way. It's probably the thing that needs more of your energy. And if you do it first, you can put more energy into it. If everything seems equally easy (or equally hard), leave whatever you like best until the end. There will be more desire at half past eleven to read a political science article that sounded really interesting than to begin trying to study French irregular verbs, a necessary task that strikes you as pretty dull. Doing fun work may feel like you're granting yourself a present after doing hard work. This is the second tip.

The third tip has to do with tests. Throughout our lives at school, we take thousands of tests, but we don't often stop to consider good test taking. The best test takers don't plow through their tests without cease, answering one question after the next as it comes. First, they read the whole test quickly. Second, they focus their

attention, keeping their concentration on the material they know best, answering quickly because they are confident. Finally, they handle questions that bring them some difficulty. Adapting yourself to this method of test taking might seem weird to you, but it's likely to profit you.

Here are but three tips to greater success at school. Should you ask successful students around you, you will discover more tips. Learn from others, and employ their methods to alter your own studying, and you are sure to improve your performance at school. After some time passes, you may find that you are the \"special one\". And then maybe you'll notice other students either hating you or trying to discover your secrets.

一个大学教授的学生可能多达百人或百人以上，也可能少至三人。不管有多少学生，这当中总有一个学生与众不同，甚至是出类拔萃。不管教授的问题有多艰深，这种学生似乎都知道该如何作答。而且不管要求什么时候交功课，他都能按时交，而且不犯一点错误。

你当然知道有这样的学生，也许他会激起你心中的怨气。当然了，能成为这样的人会是一件非常美妙的事情，但是因为不是你本人表现得那么优秀，你拿不出高分，也不能游刃有余地完成作业，于是怨气越积越多。你也许会自问：“为什么我就不能像那家伙一样呢？为什么我就成不了出类拔萃的人呢？”那我现在就告诉你，你能成为那样的人。

作为一个大学生，我对好学生和差学生所体现出的不同之处非常感兴趣。我并没有坐着不动，也没有嫉恨好学生，相反，我决定以此为己任去调查是什么神秘的原因让他们表现优异。在访谈了很多优秀学生及其教授后，我通过分析得出了几条建议，任何人都可以采纳这几条建议来激发自己身上的优秀潜质，使自己更上一层楼。

第一条建议是：不要拖欠。对于学习，开始动手就很难，但如果你想把三周的学习任务在一个周末就搞定，几乎是不可能的。即使阅读速度最快的人也难以完成。再说了，如果该交的书面作业你拖欠了的话，就是老师后面收了也会扣你的分。或许他根本就不接受迟交的作业。大多数老师都认为，你应该有合理的学习计划，并且要认真对待。不能处理好学习和时间问题的学生是难以有机会出头的。

学习中的一个大问题就是如何应付大量的学习资料；东西太多了，你简直不知道何从下手。很多人可能想从最容易的做起，然而，这种想法是错误的。得考虑换种方式。应该总是从最困难的地方入手，先除掉拦路虎。也许这需要你投入更多的精力。如果你开始就选择从难的部分下手，你就会投入更多的精力。如果任务个个都看起来一样简单（或困难），那就把最喜欢的留到最后做。在十一点半的时候你会更愿意去阅读那些听起来都的确有趣的政治学文章，而不太情愿去学习法语不规则动词，那任务让人觉得十分枯燥，但又不能不做。完成困难的后再做有趣的会让人觉得这是对自己的犒劳。这是第二条建议。

第三条建议跟考试有关。尽管我们在学校里参加过千百次的考试，但我们却很少停下来想想怎样考好试。考试考得好的人并不是马不停蹄做到底，见一个问题就答一个。首先，他们快速通读试题。接着，他们集中精力完成自己掌握得最好的部分，因为有自信，所以回答得也快。最后他们才处理有一定难度的问题。对你来说，适应这一套应付考试的做法可能显得怪异，但它确实会对你有好处。

这三条建议会让你学业更加成功。如果你问一下自己周围表现优异的同学，你会发现更多的好点子。 要向他人学习，采用他们的方法来改善自己的学习状况，这样你肯定会提高自己的学业成绩。过一段时间后，你会发现，你自己就是一个“与众不同”的人。然后你也会注意到其他学生正妒忌你或者想方设法去发现你的秘诀。

A Major Question of Majors

It was a common question. It echoed through the hallways and out into every corner of the university. Everyone was asking it. It was the new catch phrase. It was the new pick-up line, more commonly used than \"What's your sign?\" But I had no answer. I hated the question. I was \"undeclared\" like some unborn baby in its earliest stages. And, by the way I was going, I was merely awaiting abortion. Looking at the database of available majors, I could not make up my mind. Would I have to drop out of school because of my indecision? Would I be banned from a happy life if I couldn't figure this problem out?

Tomorrow was the last day to declare a major. The last day! Everyone else was happily moving forward in

their lives, choosing topics of study and predicting futures. I still hadn't made my big breakthrough in making this all too significant decision. \"Don't worry,\" my friends would say. \"You can always major in business.\"

Business? Not me. I was an artist. I would rather die than major in business. In fact, I didn't even need college. I could just go out into the world, and my great skills and abilities would be immediately recognized. On the night before my fate was to be declared, my parents were hosting a dinner party for two of their friends.

Finally, a rest! What would my parents' friends care about majors? I could eat dinner in peace and take a break from being posed this question for a couple of hours. I was wrong. All they could talk about was majors. They both had to share their majors with me, and both had an opinion as to what I should be. All their advice didn't put me any closer to a major, though. It just confused me even more.

Neither of our dinner guests seemed particularly suited for his chosen job. For instance, Dr. Elkins, who claimed to be an expert at performing surgery, had trouble cutting his meat. And Mr. Albertson, the naval aircraft pilot, had difficulty targeting his mouth with his food. Every second spoonful was dropped to the ground. I couldn't imagine what his navigation skills were like in a fighter plane.

Dinner was over, our guests left, the night was getting later, and I was still \"undeclared\". I got out the list of majors and began paging through the possibilities for the millionth time. Computers? There were already numerous computer majors. Chinese? I'd always wanted to go to China, but it seemed I could go there without majoring in it or even becoming fluent in the language. Mechanics? No. Advertising? No, again. This was hopeless.

As college students often do, I decided that if I just slept for a while and wakened up really early, I would be able to arrive at an answer to this enormously difficult question. I don't know exactly what it is in the college student's brain that thinks some special process occurs between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. that will suddenly make everything clearer. It had worked for me in the past, but not this time.

In fact, as college students are also likely to do, I overslept. I woke up at 10 a.m. I had missed my first class, Survey of English Literature, and I had three hours to commit the rest of my life to something, anything. There was always business.

As I rushed to school, I passed a movie theater playing \"Once is Not Enough,\" based on Jacqueline Susann's best-selling novel and starring David Janssen. Wait a minute! Movies. I love movies! I could major in movies. No, there is no major in movies. \"But there is one in filmmaking,\" I thought. That's it! I was lost, but now I was found. I was declared!

Fifteen years later, I think of all my friends who so confidently began college with their majors declared. Of those who went around asking, \"What's your major?\" very few are working in their chosen jobs. I didn't end up a filmmaker. And some days I still feel \"undeclared\".

It really doesn't matter what you major in, as long as you have a prosperous university experience. Involve yourself in those things that interest you and enjoy learning about the world. There is plenty of time to decide what you will do with the rest of your life.

这个问题无处不在。从走廊到校园的每个角落到处都能听到这个问题。每个人都在问这个问题。它是新的流行词汇，新的搭讪语，比“你是什么星座的？”用得还多。不过我却难以作答。我讨厌这个问题。我的专业尚未确定，就跟那些尚在腹中刚刚开始孕育的婴儿一样。而且，按照我的态势，我只能等着流产了。看着可供选择的专业目录，我还是拿不定主意。我会因为犹豫不决而不得不退学吗？如果这个难题解决不了，我的生活会没有了快乐吗？

明天是确定专业的最后一天。最后一天哪！其他每个人都在快乐地生活着，他们都选定了学习目标，憧憬着未来。这个决定实在是重大之极，我仍然没有取得大的进展。“甭着急，”朋友们会说，“你总还可以学商业”。

商业？我不干。我是个艺术家。宁死也不学商业。实际上，我甚至连大学都可以不上，只要出去闯世界就行了，我出众的技艺和能力很快就会得到认同。就在我命运即将被决定的前夜，我父母设宴款待

他们的两个朋友。

终于可以歇口气了！难道我父母的朋友会关心专业什么的？我可以心平气和地吃饭，可以暂时摆脱这个问题休息几小时了。不过我错了，他们谈的内容都跟专业有关。他俩都把自己的专业讲给我听，还对我该选什么专业发表意见。尽管如此，他们的建议根本不能让我在选专业的道路上有任何进展，而是让我更加糊涂。

我们的客人似乎都不太适合他们所选的工作。就说艾尔肯斯医生吧，他宣称自己是外科手术专家，可连切肉都成问题。而艾伯森先生虽然是个海军飞行员，却连饭都喂不到嘴里去。他老是把饭往地板上掉。我无法想象他开战斗机的技术会是什么样子。

饭吃完了，客人也离开了，夜更深了，而我的专业还是处于“未定”状态。我把专业目录拿出来，又开始一页页地翻看起可选的专业来，这都翻得有上百万次了。计算机？学计算机的人已经数不胜数了。汉语？我倒是一直想去中国，但似乎我到中国也用不着学汉语专业，甚至也不需要流利地说汉语。机械？不。广告？还是不行。真是没指望了。

像其他大学生常常做的一样，我决定只管睡上一阵子，只要早点醒来，我就能给这个巨难的问题找到答案。我也闹不太清楚为什么大学生会认为他们的大脑在凌晨两点到六点之间会发生特殊的处理过程，让他们一下子把事情都弄清楚。这办法过去对我是管用的，但这次却失效了。

实际上，跟其他大学生也常常可能遇到的情形一样，我睡过头了，早上10点才醒过来,错过了第一堂课──英语文学概况。我还有三个小时来决定将来致力于哪个工作，或者做随便什么事情。我总还可以学商业。

在冲向学校的时候，我路过了一家电影院，那里正在上映《一次不够》。这部电影取材于杰奎琳•苏珊的畅销小说，大卫•简森主演。等等！电影，我喜欢电影！我可以学习电影专业。不行，没有电影这个专业。“但有电影制作专业”，我想起来了。就是它了！我曾经迷茫，但现在我找回自我了。我有专业了！

十五年后，我想起了我那些朋友，他们当时确定了专业，满怀信心地开始自己的大学生涯。想起那些到处问“你学什么专业？”的朋友们，现在他们中极少有人从事自己当初所选专业方面的工作。我最后也没有成为电影制作人。有时候我仍然感到自己专业“未定”。

只要你的大学生活是丰富多彩的，你学什么专业真的无关紧要。你要参加自己感兴趣的活动，乐于了解这个世界。你有充足的时间来决定将来做什么工作。

Unit 10

Being Honest and Open

My grandparents believed that you were either honest or you were not. There was no middle ground. They had a simple saying hanging on their living-room wall: \"Life is like a field of newly fallen snow. Where I choose to walk every step will show.\" They didn't have to talk about it; they demonstrated this truth in their lifestyle.

They understood instinctively that integrity involves having a personal standard of morality and boundaries that does not sell out to convenience and that is not relative to the situation at hand. Integrity is an inner compass for judging your behavior.

Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today—and getting scarcer. But it is the real bottom line in every area of society and a discipline we must demand of ourselves. A good test for this value is to apply what I call the \"Integrity Triangle\

Stand firmly for your convictions when confronted with personal pressure. There's a story told about a surgical nurse's assistance during her first day on the medical team at a well-known hospital. She was responsible for ensuring that all surgical instruments and materials were accounted for during an operation. The nurse said to the surgeon, \"You've only removed 11 sponges, and we used 12. We need to find the last one.\"

\"I removed them all,\" the surgeon assured her. \"We'll close now.\" \"You can't do that, sir,\" protested the nurse. \"Think of the patient.\"

Smiling, the surgeon lifted his foot and showed the nurse the twelfth sponge. \"You'll do just fine in this or any other hospital,\" he assured her.

When you know you're right, you can't concede.

Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. Don't be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be more intelligent than you are.

David Ogilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather, clarified this point to his newly appointed office heads by sending each of them a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside.

His message was contained in the smallest doll: If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants. And that is precisely what O & M became—one of the largest and most respected advertising organizations in the world.

Be honest and open about who you really are. People who lack genuine core values rely on external factors—their looks or status—in order to feel good about themselves. Inevitably they will do everything they can to preserve this false mask, but they will do very little to enhance their inner value and personal growth.

So be yourself. Don't engage in a personal cover-up of areas that are unpleasing in your life. \"Tough times never last but tough people do,\" says Robert Schuller. In other words, face reality and be mature in your responses to life's challenges.

Self-respect and a clear conscience are powerful components of integrity and are the basis for enriching your relationships with others. Integrity means you do what you do because it's right and not just fashionable or politically correct. A life of principle, of not yielding to the tempting attractions of an easy morality, will always win the day. It will take you forward into the twenty-first century without having to check your tracks in a rear-view mirror. My grandparents taught me that.

我祖父母认为，一个人要么诚实，要么不诚实，两者之间没有折中可言。在他们起居室的墙上挂着一句朴实无华的格言：“生活如新雪覆盖的大地，走过之处必定留下足迹。”他们没有必要去用语言作出解释, 因为他们用自己的生活方式印证了这一真理。

他们生来就认为，所谓正直，就是有自己的道德界定标准，既不贪财图利，也不因所处的环境而妥协。正直是判断自身行为的心灵标尺。

遗憾的是，正直这一品格如今已不多见，而且越来越难寻觅了。但它却是社会各领域的真正基础，也是我们必须要求自己遵循的一条原则。检验这一价值观的一个好办法就是运用本人所说的“正直三角原则”，即下列三大原则：

在面对个人压力的时候要坚定自己的信念。有这样一个故事，讲的是一位外科护士第一天到一家知名医院的医疗小组协助手术的故事。她的责任是确保将手术中的每样手术器械和手术材料都如数清点好。 这位护士对主刀医生说：“您只拿出了11块止血纱布，而我们一共用了12块。我们必须找到最后那一块纱布。”

“我全拿出来了，” 外科医生肯定地对她说。“现在开始缝合刀口。” “您不能这样做，先生，”护士坚决反对，“我们应该为病人着想。” 医生露出了笑容，他抬起脚，让护士看到了第12块纱布。“你在这家医院或其他任何一家医院都会干得很出色的。”他用肯定的语气对她说。

所以，当你确信自己是正确的，就决不能让步。

总是给予别人他们应得的表扬。不要害怕那些主意比你妙甚至比你聪明的人。

戴维•奥格尔维是奥美广告公司的创始人，他送给新任命的各部门主管每人一个俄罗斯套娃，每个套娃从大到小依次有五个娃娃，以此来说明这个道理。

最小的那个娃娃里面装着奥格尔维要告诉他们的话：“如果我们每个人都聘用比我们小的人，那么我们的公司就会变成一个矮子公司。但是如果我们每个人都聘用比我们大的人，那么奥美广告公司就会变成一家巨人公司。”而奥美广告公司后来真的变成了巨人——国际上规模最大、名望最高的广告公司之一。

要诚实坦白地表现真正的自我。缺乏实实在在内涵的人会去依靠外部因素——如长相或地位——来保持良好的自我感觉。他们必然会不择手段地去维护自己的这种假面具，而不太会去努力提高自己的内

涵和素质。

因此，要表现出真正的自我。别去设法掩盖生活中那些不尽人意的方面。正如罗伯特•舒勒所说，“艰苦的时光终将过去，坚强的人必将苦尽甘来。”换言之，要正视现实，要以成熟的心态去迎接生活的挑战。

自尊和问心无愧是正直的两个重要组成部分，也是加深你与他人关系的基础。为人正直意味着去做你应该做的事，因为那是对的，而不是因为合乎潮流或迎合了政治上的需要。在生活中如果能坚持原则，抵制住放松道德标准的种种诱惑，那你就会永远立于不败之地。这样，你在跨入21世纪的时候，就不必为自己过去的所做所为而抱憾。这就是我祖父祖母教给我的做人的道理。

Website Resources: The Best Aid for Cheating?

For generations of students, writing term papers has been a major source of nerves and frustration, if not the ultimate homework nightmare. But for those with Internet access, illicit resources are just a few links away.

The contemporary student who wants to fake a term paper does not have to search far. All one has to do is to go to the appropriate website, where online papers can either be purchased, ordered, or downloaded for free.

Collegiate Care Research Assistance, for instance, may do the job. Do you want to \"write\" a paper on \"Hamlet's irreconcilable moral dilemmas\"? Simply hand over $29.75, and the essay is yours.

For those who find this too great an expense, there is an alternative. Collegiate Care, with its \"highest quality papers at the lowest possible priceshe trick for the cost-conscious students.

Genius Papers, another student assistance site, offers \"high-quality\" and \"low-priced\" term papers. \"You will be happy and successful,\" the website promises potential consumers.

If you are too lazy or simply too busy writing your own term paper, Genius Papers is readily available. For a one-time fee of $9.95, you get access to pre-written papers for an entire semester.

Some sites, such as Term Paper Emporium and Absolutely Free: Online Essays, offer course papers for free. Simply press the button and download—if you find the paper you want, that is.

Students are, of course, fully aware of these website resources, and some people worry that the Internet, once hailed as the ultimate learning tool, could become the best aid yet for cheating.

For teachers, the problem is figuring out whether a student's authorship is authentic. But, as teaching assistant Jane Morrison explained, the task should not be too difficult for the perceptive teacher.

\"Students who have gotten it off the Internet don't look at me, twitch a little bit and look at their feet. And students who wrote every bit of it can talk about the paper very intelligently and look me in the eye,\" Morrison said.

Faking term papers is nothing new, and stolen intellectual property has been marketed for years. But the appearance of the Internet raises the issue: Is this new technology making cheating more widespread?

A senior official at Berkeley doubts it. \"Students who are inclined to cheat are going to cheat regardless of the technology. I think it's sort of a cynical notion to think that this new tool is going to spread the incidence of cheating,\" Gary Handman said.

This view was backed by Berkeley graduate student Arianne Chernock, who says that, after all, students have to decide what's best for themselves. \"It's a question of honesty. We're here to learn, so we've got to make the most of it ourselves.\"

And inventive teachers can make their assignments almost cheat-proof.

\"If you structure the assignment in a creative way, and if students, for instance, have to transform the information into a handout, or do a drama, or write an account in first person narrative, then you may curb illicit work,\" said library media teacher Leslie Farmer.

That kind of strategy, some experts say, will basically force students to do more than simply download their education.

对一代又一代的学生来说，写学期论文即使不是最可怕的作业，也至少一直是让他们头疼和沮丧的主要原因。但是对于那些可以上网的人来说，借助几次链接就可以窃取到相关的资料。

当代学生若想抄袭学期论文，用不着费劲去查找。他只要找对网址，就可以在那儿购买、预定或免费下载网上的论文。

例如在“大学关心网助研中心”就能办到。你想“写”一篇关于“哈姆雷特所面临的不可调和的道德困境”的论文吗? 只要交上29.75美元，文章就归你了。

对于那些觉得这还太贵的人来说，可以另觅他法。“大学关心网”以每页5.95美元的价格出售收录在档的现成论文，且“论文质优价低”。这样，对于那些在乎价格的学生来说，买上几页就可大功告成了。

“论文精粹”是另一个学生援助网站，它提供“优质” 而“价廉”的学期论文。“让您称心、保您成功”，这是该网站向潜在客户夸下的海口。

如果你实在太懒或实在太忙，没时间写学期论文，那么“论文精粹”时刻恭候着你。只要一次性交费9.95美元，你就能在一整学期看到别人的论文。

有的网址，如“学期论文大卖场”和“绝对免费：网上论文”免费提供课程论文。也就是说，只要你找到了想要的文章，你只需按一下键，然后下载即可。

当然，学生们对这些网上资源了如指掌，于是有人担心，因特网一旦成为广受欢迎的最佳学习工具，也可能会变成作弊的最佳辅助手段。

对于教师来说，他们面对的问题是要分辨学生是否是论文的真正作者。不过，据简•莫里森助教解释，对于眼光敏锐的老师来说，这件事也许不太难。

“如果文章是来自因特网，学生会不敢正眼看我，他们会表现出不安，只是低头看着自己的双脚。而如果论文是自己一字一句写出来的，这样的学生能就自己的文章侃侃而谈，而且敢正视我。”莫里森说。

抄袭学期论文并不是什么新鲜事，多年来人们一直在用盗来的知识财富做交易。但是因特网的出现提出了这样一个问题：这种新技术是否在使作弊变得更为普遍?

伯克利大学的一位高级管理人员对此表示怀疑。“对想要作弊的学生来说，不管技术水平如何，他都会作弊。认为因特网这种新工具会提高作弊的发生率，我觉得这是一种偏激的观点。”加里•汉德曼说。

这一观点得到了伯克利大学一位名叫阿里亚尼•彻诺克的研究生的支持。他说，学生们最终还是要靠自己来判断怎样做对自己最有利。“这是个关乎诚实与否的问题。我们来这儿是学知识的，所以我们应该充分利用这个学习机会。”

再则，有创造力的教师可以布置出学生无法作弊的作业来。

“如果你布置的作业新颖独特，比如学生们必须根据给定的内容写一份讲义、写一个剧本，或用第一人称写一篇叙述文，那么你就能制止来路不正的作业。”图书馆媒体教师莱斯利•法默如是说。

有的专家说，这种策略将从根本上迫使学生去更多地学习，而不只是下载网上的资料。