北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题(含答案解析)

北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一

模英语试题（含答案解析）

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含

答案解析）

1 A Labrador has been doing an important job to help people stay safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Eight-year-old Roby runs through the streets of the hilly city of

Medellin several times a day with a ___1___ in his jaws, taking vegetables, fruit and packaged foods to customers of the Fresh4U mini-market.

“He helps us to maintain social distancing,” said Roby’ owner, Sherry Botero. “And people ___2___ it when we send the dog.” Roby enjoys eating carrots ___3___ to him by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food.

Roby wasn’t always a star. He was accepted into the family ___4___ by Ms Botero after repeated requests by her son to ___5___ a dog.

But Ms Botero quickly ___6___ with the dog. And when she opened a mini-market four years ago, he started to accompany her to make deliveries.

Roby can’t read ___7___. But he remembers the names of customers who have previously rewarded him with treats. And with some practice, he has learned to go to their houses on his own.

“He knows the names of five or six of our customers,” Ms Botero said, “So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket, and my customers ___8___ me through a bank transfer(转账；转移).”

Roby might not know that he’s become an ___9___ worker. But he is happy to help his owner and ___10___ his daily pay. 1. A. bag B. chain C. basket D. stick 2. A. respect B. love C. follow D. notice 3. A. gifted B. returned C. lent D. donated

4. A. intentionally B. regretfully C. immediately D. unwillingly 5. A. adopt B. train C. adore D. walk

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

6. A. got away B. kept in touch C. caught up D. fell in love 7. A. minds B. addresses C. numbers D. receipts 8. A. treat B. help C. pay D. impress

9. A. essential B. honest C. optimistic D. adventurous 10. A. spend B. calculate C. collect D. increase

【答案解析】 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. C

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了在新冠疫情期间，拉布拉多犬Roby帮助人们送蔬菜、水果和包装食品的故事。 【1题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：8岁的Roby每天叼着篮子在多山城市Medellin的街道上跑好几次，把蔬菜、水果和包装食品送到Fresh4U迷你市场的顾客那里。A. bag包；B. chain链子；C. basket篮子；D. stick棍子。根据下一段“a tip for bringing a basket of food.”和倒数第二行““So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket,”可知，此处指叼着篮子把蔬菜，水果等送到顾客那。故选C。 【2题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们派Roby过去时，人们很喜欢它。A. respect尊重；B. love爱，喜欢；C. follow跟随；D. notice注意。根据下文“ 3 to him by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food.”可知，人们喜欢Roby。故选B。 【3题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：Roby喜欢吃顾客送给他的胡萝卜，这是他带了一篮子食物的小费。A. gifted.用礼物送；B. returned返回；C. lent借出；D. donated捐赠。根据后文“a tip for bringing a basket of food.”可知，人们送给Roby胡萝卜作为送食物的小费。故选A。 【4题详解】

考查副词词义辨析。句意：Botero的儿子多次请求收养一只狗，但Botero不情愿地接受了这只狗。A. intentionally故意地；B. regretfully后悔地；C. immediately立刻地；D. unwillingly不情愿地。根据后文“after repeated requests by her son”可知，Botero不太愿意让儿子养狗，所以此处需用副词unwillingly不情愿地。故选D。 【5题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. adopt领养；B. train训练；C. adore崇拜，爱慕；D. walk行走。根据前文“He was accepted into the family4 by Ms Botero ”可知，Botero不太愿意让儿子养狗。故选A。 【6题详解】

考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但是Botero女士很快就爱上了这只狗。A. got away离开；

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

B. kept in touch保持联系；C. caught up赶上；D. fell in love爱上。根据后文“And when she opened a mini-market four years ago, he started to accompany her to make deliveries.”和空前转折连词but可知，Botero女士喜欢上了小狗Roby。故选D。 【7题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：Roby看不懂地址。A. minds思想；B. addresses地址；C. numbers号码；D. receipts收据。根据前文“he started to accompany her to make deliveries.”和常识可知，因为是狗去送货，不认识字，所以看不懂地址。故选B。 【8题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以，我把货物连同收据放在篮子里寄出去，我的客户通过银行汇款给我。A. treat对待，款待；B. help帮助；C. pay付款；D. impress给……留下印象。根据空后“ me through a bank transfer(转账；转移).”可知，此处指转账付款。故选C。 【9题详解】

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Roby可能不知道他已经成为一个必不可少的“工人”。A. essential必不可少的，重要的；B. honest诚实的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. adventurous冒险的。因为Roby帮Ms Botero送货，所以他已经成了一个必不可少的“工人”。故选A。 【10题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他很乐意帮助他的主人和领取他的日常工资。A. spend花费；B. calculate计算；C. collect领取，收集；D. increase增加。根据前文描述可知，人们会给Roby一些食物作为小费，所以此处指他会领取他的日常报酬。故选C。

2 Comets are among the most beautiful and interesting ___11___(sight) in the universe. For centuries, people ___12___(show) great interest in studying them. In 1682, Edmund Halley, an astronomer, noticed a comet that was especially bright and large. Based on his calculations, Halley predicted that this bright comet would return in 1758 or 1759—this was about 75 years ___13___ he first saw the comet. The comet really returned on time and it was named “Halley’s Comet” in honor of Edmund Halley.

【答案解析】 11. sights 12. have shown/have been showing 13. after

【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了哈雷彗星命名的由来。 【11题详解】

考查可数名词的数。句意：彗星是宇宙中最美丽、最有趣的景观之一。根据前文“among the most beautiful and interesting”可知，此处指众多有趣景观之一，所以空处名词需用复

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

数。故填sights。 【12题详解】

考查时态。句意：几个世纪以来，人们对研究它们表现出极大的兴趣。根据时间状语 For centuries可知，空处谓语动词需用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态，表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在将会继续下去，主语是复数 people，所以助动词需用have。故填have shown/have been showing。 【13题详解】

考查连词。句意：根据他的计算，哈雷预测这颗明亮的彗星将在1758年或1759年回归——这距离他第一次看到这颗彗星大约75年。根据前一句“ In 1682, Edmund Halley, an astronomer, noticed a comet that was especially bright and large. (1682年，天文学家埃德蒙·哈雷注意到一颗特别明亮和巨大的彗星。)”可知，哈雷第一次看到那颗彗星是1682年，再次看到可能是1758年或1759年，此处表示75年后，所以需用连词after。故填after。

3 Emma was on her way home when she heard a sudden scream. Looking around, she saw a little boy on the sidewalk gasping(急喘) for air, his ___14___(frighten) mother begging for help. Emma rushed to the boy, ___15___ face had turned purple. “What’s wrong?” “A candy! In his throat!” It was lucky that Emma had learned how ___16___(perform) the Heimlich maneuver(海姆利克急救法) at school. She acted quickly. Soon, the boy coughed up a piece of candy and began breathing again. He ___17___(save) in time. 【答案解析】 14. frightened 15. whose 16. to perform 17. was saved

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Emma在回家路上，救助被糖果卡住喉咙的小男孩的故事。

【14题详解】

考查形容词。句意：环顾四周，她看到一个小男孩在人行道上喘着气，他惊恐的母亲请求帮助。空处需用形容词作定语，修饰名词 mother，因为修饰空后指人的名词mother，所以空处需用ed形容词frightened“惊恐的”。故填frightened。 【15题详解】

考查定语从句。句意：Emma奔向男孩，男孩的脸已经变紫了。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系代词引导非性定语从句，先行词是boy，指人，关系词在定语从句中作定语，修饰名词face，表示所属关系，意为“……的”，所以空处需用关系代词whose引导非性定语从句。故填whose。

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

【16题详解】

考查动词不定式。句意：幸运的是，Emma在学校学会了如何使用海姆利克急救法。分析句子结构可知，空处需用疑问词how接动词不定式作动词learned的宾语。故填to perform。 【17题详解】

考查被动语态。句意：他及时得救了。根据前一句谓语动词began 可知，空处谓语动词需用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情，因为小男孩是被Emma救，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是第三人称单数he，所以空处be动词需用was。故填was saved。

4 In Japan, the word bonsai means tray plant. It refers to the interesting ___18___(combine) of art and the planting and growing of miniature trees and plants. Bonsai originated in China more than 2,000 years ago and ___19___(spread) to Japan about 700 years ago. Some people believe that only small plants must be used in bonsai, but this is not true. Nearly any type of tree or plant can be used, as long as it is grown ___20___ a seed or a small cutting. 【答案解析】 18. combination 19. spread/was spread 20. from

【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了盆景的历史。 【18题详解】

考查名词。句意：它指的是艺术与微型树木和植物的种植和生长的有趣结合。形容词interesting作定语修饰名词，所以空处需用名词，作refer to的宾语；combine的名词为combination“结合”，是不可数名词。故填combination。 【19题详解】

考查时态和语态。句意：盆景起源于2000多年前的中国，约700年前传到日本。由时间状语about 700 years ago可知，空处谓语动词需用一般过去时，因为可以表示被动，所以此处谓语动词也可以使用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是单数Bonsai，所以be动词需用was。故填spread/was spread。 【20题详解】

考查介词。句意：几乎任何种类的树木或植物都可以被使用，只要它是由一粒种子或一个小枝条长成的。此处表示由种子长大的，需用介词from。故填from。

5 As part of our mission to inspire the next generation of scientists, inventors and engineers, the Science Museum Group (SMG) has launched an exciting new online game—Total Darkness.

Over the last year we have been developing Total Darkness with the aim of creating

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

an experience that can have a positive impact on people’s attitudes towards STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths), as well as having a focus on self-reflection, rather than asking players to recall specific facts or concepts. Total Darkness is a digital storytelling experience which encourages young people to recognise how the skills they use every day relate to STEM and can help them develop their confidence in science thinking. The game invites the player to solve a mysterious power cut in their hometown. The game puts players in control, allowing their choices and decisions to guide them through the story.

As the player navigates through the darkened streets of the town, equipped only with a torch, they will face various challenges. Using their curiosity, communication skills and creative problem solving, they will discover new theories about what might have caused the blackout(停电；断电). But with every step their torch fades, and the player must solve the mystery before the battery runs out.

The player’s choices and actions throughout the game will score

them curiosity, creativity or communication points. At the end, the skills the player has used will be revealed along with their science style, showing how they could put their skills into action in the real world.

Total Darkness is aimed at 8-15 year-olds—an important stage in teens’ science development. Research shows that as teens make the step between primary and secondary, many move away from an interest in science as other influences have a stronger pull in their lives.

Total Darkness is a free online game playable on smartphone, tablet and desktop. Play now at totaldarkness.sciencemuseum.org.uk. 21. Total Darkness aims to help players ________ . A. recall scientific concepts B better understand STEM C. improve storytelling abilities D. develop communication skills

22. What’s the key to getting points in Total Darkness? A. Judgement. B. Teamwork.

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

C. Equipment. D. Gaming skills.

23. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To promote a new product. B. To introduce the SMG’s mission. C. To explain the rules of an online game. D. To emphasize the importance of STEM. 【答案解析】 21. B 22. A 23. A

【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍并推销《完全黑暗》的游戏，讲了开发它的目的和优势。

【21题详解】

细节理解题。根据第二段“Over the last year we have been developing Total Darkness with the aim of creating an experience that can have a positive impact on people’s attitudes towards STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths), as well as having a focus on self-reflection, rather than asking players to recall specific facts or concepts.”（过去一年我们已经开发完全黑暗，目的是创建一个经验，它可以让人们对STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)产生积极的态度，以及有一个专注于自我反省，而不是让玩家回忆具体事实或概念。）可知，《完全黑暗》旨在帮助玩家更好地理解STEM。故选B项。 【22题详解】

推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The player’s choices and actions throughout the game will score them curiosity, creativity or communication points.”（玩家在游戏中的选择和行动将为他们的好奇心、创造力或交流加分。）可知，在完全黑暗中获得分数的关键是个人的判断力。故选A项。 【23题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段“Total Darkness is a free online game playable on smartphone, tablet and desktop. Play now at totaldarkness.sciencemuseum.org.uk.”（Total Darkness是一款免费的在线游戏，可在智能手机、平板电脑和台式机上玩。现在在totaldarkness.sciencemuseum.org.uk玩。）以及上文介绍了这款游戏的优点可知，本文目的是推销一种新产品。故选A项。

6 Nick Torrance, a junior in high school, suffers from muscular dystrophy, and attends school in a specialized wheelchair. The muscle disease prevents him from accomplishing many everyday tasks, such as carrying his books and putting things away in his locker. So he had a fellow student assigned to help him. But Amy Smith, the school’s occupational therapist, thought that being able to do something simple

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

like opening his locker on his own would be empowering.

Amy initially thought they would be able to buy a device to help. But searching online turned up nothing that could meet their needs—everything needed a keycode or some other physical action, things her disabled student couldn’t do. After the outside search for a method came up short, she looked within the school itself for an answer. Amy turned to the school’s robotics instructor.

The instructor, in turn, suggested that two of his most capable students take on the project: Micah Stuhldreher and Wyatt Smrcka. They took first place in a national robotics competition, so they were a natural choice to tackle the locker door problem with a robotics solution. Micah and Wyatt wasted no time getting down to work and for an hour each school day, the boys brainstormed, built, and rebuilt various versions of the device until they landed on the perfect solution one year later. Like in any device development, it took a lot of trial and error for Micah and Wyatt to make something that would work for their target audience. For example, they initially built a locker-opening button, but Nick wasn’t strong enough to push it, so they replaced it with a sensor.

Now, between classes Nick steers his electric wheelchair to his locker and waves his hand over a sensor on the arm of the wheelchair. A few seconds later, the locker door swings open. Another wave closes the door. Nick can make it with ease—it may be a small thing, but it gives him a sense of independence. 24 Why did Amy Smith want a device?

A. To increase her student’s confidence. B. To encourage cooperation at school. C. To inspire a robotics invention. D. To help treat a muscle disease. 25. With a sensor in his wheelchair, Nick can ________. A. move around easily B. put his things away

C. continue his schooling D. open and close his locker

26. According to the passage, which words can best describe Micah and Wyatt? A. Caring and passionate. B. Talented and ambitious. C. Sensitive and insightful. D. Humble and warmhearted. 【答案解析】 24. A 25. D 26. A

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了职业治疗师Amy Smith为了让患有肌肉萎缩症的学生Nick Torrance可以打开储物柜这样简单的事情，让Micah Stuhldreher和Wyatt Smrcka为他制作了一个传感器，让他可以在轮椅上开关储物柜。 【24题详解】

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

推理判断题。根据第一段中“But Amy Smith, the school’s occupational therapist, thought that being able to do something simple like opening his locker on his own would be empowering.(但该校的职业治疗师Amy Smith认为，能够自己打开储物柜这样简单的事情，会让自己变得更强大)”可推知，Amy Smith想要一个装置来增加她的学生的信心。故选A。 【25题详解】

细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Now, between classes Nick steers his electric wheelchair to his locker and waves his hand over a sensor on the arm of the wheelchair. A few seconds later, the locker door swings open. Another wave closes the door.(现在，在课间，Nick驾驶着他的电动轮椅到他的储物柜，并在轮椅手臂上的传感器上挥动他的手。几秒钟后，储物柜的门开了。再一挥关上了门)”可知，轮椅上安装了一个传感器，Nick可以打开和关闭他的储物柜。故选D。 【26题详解】

推理判断题。根据第三段“The instructor, in turn, suggested that two of his most capable students take on the project: Micah Stuhldreher and Wyatt Smrcka. They took first place in a national robotics competition, so they were a natural choice to tackle the locker door problem with a robotics solution. Micah and Wyatt wasted no time getting down to work and for an hour each school day, the boys brainstormed, built, and rebuilt various versions of the device until they landed on the perfect solution one year later.(反过来，导师建议他的两个最有能力的学生来做这个项目：Micah Stuhldreher和Wyatt Smrcka。他们在一场全国机器人比赛中获得了第一名，所以他们是用机器人解决储物柜门问题的自然选择。迈卡和怀亚特没有浪费任何时间投入到工作中，他们每天都花一小时的时间进行头脑风暴，制作并重建了这个设备的各种版本，直到一年后他们找到了完美的解决方案)”可推知，Micah 和Wyatt投入时间、精力来给Nick制作传感器，说明他们对同学有爱心和热情。故选A。

7 Vaccines(疫苗) may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A. Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refrigeration. This means the carefully cooled small bottles now used to ship vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelf.

Croyle’s laboratory began developing the technology in 2007. Inspired by amber’s ability to preserve the DNA of insects, the researchers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of salt, much like hard candy,” Croyle explains. The vaccine-containing film is administered by

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

mouth—sweet news for many who dislike needles.

The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating. “We’ve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it intermixed with all the components,” Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. “We really wanted to come up with something that would be transferable to developing countries.” Immunization(免疫) programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold(2℃-8℃) as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and transport disruptions can cause the vaccines to be ineffective.

But this new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies for several months at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show that the live viruses in one vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 months. They also find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot(流感预防针). “The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,” says Lisa Rohan, a pharmacologist, who was not involved in the study. She also notes that each vaccine type would need a custom formulation(配方) for future stages of development. Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says. They are also exploring packaging methods to keep their films stable up to 40℃.

Size is a major advantage—a letter-sized sheet of the film can carry more than 500 doses(剂) of vaccine, about 1⁄900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the technology could vastly improve immunization rates the world over, particularly in middle- to low- income countries. 27. What can we learn about the film?

A. It contains animal’s DNA. B. It will replace vaccines. C. It comes in different flavours. D. It can hold bio-products. 28. According to Paragraph 3, we can learn about the film’s ________. A. key component B. development schedule

C. possible advantages D. transportation requirements 29. The author mentions Lisa Rohan’s words to ________. A. advise personalizing vaccines

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

B. suggest the product is promising C. prove the study is supported widely D. stress the functions of a new platform

30. What will be the next urgent task for Croyle’s team?

A. Advertising the film worldwide. B. Improving the film’s capacity. C. Reducing the shipping cost. D. Seeking ideal manufacturers. 【答案解析】 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D

【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科研团队研发出了一种可以长时间保存疫苗而无需冷藏的薄片，描述了它的功能和潜在价值。 【27题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段“Led by expert Maria A. Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refrigeration.”（在专家Maria A . Croyle的带领下，研究人员开发出了一种可以长时间保存疫苗而无需冷藏的薄片。）可知，这种薄膜可以装生物制品。故选D项。 【28题详解】

推理判断题。根据第三段“The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating.”（该薄膜是量身定制的，以适合每种特定的候选疫苗，提供一种保护涂层。）“the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it intermixed with all the components”（真正使这种薄膜无论容纳什么都稳定的关键是将其与所有成分混合）以及“the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment.”（这一过程是快速的，使用了负担得起的标准设备。）可推断，第三段主要讲了薄膜的可能的优势。故选C项。 【29题详解】

推理判断题。根据第五段“‘The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,’says Lisa Rohan(丽莎罗翰说：“这项研究为一个令人兴奋的疫苗产品开发平台提供了早期的概念证明”)”可推断，作者引用Lisa Rohan的话来暗示这个产品很有前途。故选B项。 【30题详解】

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says.”（克罗伊尔说，寻找大规模生产用于临床试验的合作伙伴是研究人员最紧迫的问题。）可知，克罗伊团队的下一个紧急任务是寻求理想的制造商。故选D项。

8 Albert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, and I

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

recommend it as such to students. But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.

Why not? After all, it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance. And while popular belief holds that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers, in fact many papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult.

As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.”

No, the problem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an exposition of known mathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneous today, take up half the paper. Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors. A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major observatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured. And anything involving work with human subjects, or putting instruments in space, involves piles of paperwork.

We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions. In the early decades of its 78-year history, the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive, amateurish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own. Today, polished work coming out of internships(实习) at established laboratories is the norm.

These professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.

Of course, Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific core wouldn’t have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.

31. According to Richard Feynman, Einstein’s 1915 paper ________.

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

A. was a classic in theoretical physics B. turned out to be comprehensible C. needed further improvement D. attracted few professionals

32. What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Unrealistic. B. Irrelevant. C. Unattractive. D. Imprecise.

33. According to the author, what is affected as modern science develops? A. The application of research findings. B. The principle of scientific research. C. The selection of young talents. D. The evaluation of laboratories.

34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. What makes Einstein great? B. Will science be professionalized? C. Could Einstein get published today? D. How will modern science make advances? 【答案解析】 31. B 32. B 33. C 34. C

【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过引用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式发展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著《广义相对论的基础》，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表的原因。 【31题详解】

细节理解题。根据第三段“As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.（正如物理学家理查德·费曼所写：“曾经有一段时间，报纸上说只有12个人理解相对论。我相信或许确实有过只有一个人懂相对论的时候——因为在这篇论文之前，只有爱因斯坦理解这个问题。但当人们读了这篇论文，有很多人，绝对超过12个，或多或少都对相对论有了一定理解）”可知，爱因斯坦1915年的论文证明是可以理解的。故选B。 【32题详解】

词义猜测题。根据第四段划线词后句“Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

not even get past the first editors.”可知，更糟的是，文章没有对前人科学研究进行任何引用，也没有任何图。这些缺失对如今的科学论文来说是致命的。这样的文章甚至都不会被编辑送审，这说明爱因斯坦的论文在如今看来是很糟糕的，因此此处是说他在论文中花大量篇幅进行的哲学讨论和张量微积分的阐述在今天被认为是无关紧要的，所以画线词词义为“无关紧要的”。故选B。 【33题详解】

推理判断题。根据第七段“A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.（它从一个关于空间和时间的轻松的大量无用功都耗费在了突破官僚形式的层层桎梏上，也抬高了新人的准入门槛。）”可推断，在作者看来，现代科学的发展影响了年轻人才的选拔。故选C。 【34题详解】

主旨大意题。根据第一段“But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.（但它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表。）”可知，第一段是总起句，文章围绕着这个问题展开论述，所以这篇文章最好的题目是——“Could Einstein get published today?( 爱因斯坦的《相对论》今天能出版吗？)”故选C。 9 Reversal—change your perspective and solve your problem

It’s often your definition of a problem that limits you in finding a suitable solution. Creative solutions require a change of perspective. ____35____ The reversal technique is a creative thinking technique that is based on the thought that to change your perspective, you sometimes need to change the order of the words in your problem definition.

How you change the order of the words doesn’t matter much, as long as the key words are reversed. ____36____ Your challenge is “How do we make sure that fewer people take cars to their work?”. Swapping the key words, you could rephrase this challenge as “How do we make sure that fewer cars take people to their work?” In this case, the first statement will make you think of alternative means of transportation, like trains or bikes, while the second statement will probably make you think of solutions like carpooling—fewer cars for the same number of people.

Not every problem statement is suitable for a reversal. Sometimes using this technique requires you to first rephrase the question altogether. ____37____For instance, the question “how might we sell more washing machines?” is not easily reversed—there is no key word to swap with “washing machines”. Yet, when you rephrase the question to “How might we sell more washing machines to young parents?”

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

you can easily change it to “How might we sell more young parents to washing machines? ____38____ You could interpret this last sentence as “the washing machine pays the young parents to try it out”. Then, you could start communicating to potential buyers how much they will save each year when they choose your energy efficient washing machine.

As this example shows, some reversals will require a very flexible way of thinking. ____39____ However, thinking about the tiny amount of time it will “cost” you to try out a reversal, you have very little to lose and, potentially, lots to gain. A. The second problem statement is much more logical. B. Often it helps to add one more key word to the sentence. C. Rephrasing your challenge is to change the problem statement. D. A great way to do this is by “reversing” your problem statement.

E. For instance, imagine you are responsible for limiting the traffic jam in your area.

F. Admittedly, it is a very unusual challenge, but it might just stimulate a creative thought.

G. Not everyone will be able to move from an unreasonable statement to a useful solution.

【答案解析】 35. D 36. E 37. B 38. F 39. G

【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过举例子介绍了一种解决问题思维方式——逆向思维，描述了它的好处和表现形式。 【35题详解】

根据上文“Creative solutions require a change of perspective.（创造性的解决方案需要改变观点。）”以及下文“The reversal technique is a creative thinking technique（逆向技术是一种创造性思维技术）”可猜测，划线句写的是创造性的解决方案是逆向技术。D选项“A great way to do this is by “reversing” your problem statement.”（一个很好的方法是“颠倒”你的问题陈述。）符合题意，故选D项。 【36题详解】

根据上文“How you change the order of the words doesn’t matter much, as long as the key words are reversed.（你如何改变单词顺序并不重要，只要关键字颠倒过来就行。）”以及下文“Your challenge is “How do we make sure that fewer people take cars to their work?”. Swapping the key words, you could rephrase this challenge as “How do we make sure that fewer cars take people to their work?””.（你面临的挑战是“我们如何确保开车上班的人更少?”换掉关键词，你可以把这个挑战重新表述为“我们如

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

何确保更少的车载着人们去上班?”）”可知，本段是在举关键字颠倒过来的例子，并且有关于道路交通。E选项“For instance, imagine you are responsible for limiting the traffic jam in your area.”（例如，设想你要负责你所在地区的交通堵塞。）符合题意，故选E项。 【37题详解】

根据前文“Sometimes using this technique requires you to first rephrase the question altogether.（有时使用这个技巧需要你首先重新表达问题。）”以及下文“For instance, the question “how might we sell more washing machines?” is not easily reversed—there is no key word to swap with “washing machines”.（例如，“我们如何才能卖出更多的洗衣机?”没有一个关键词可以和“洗衣机”互换。）”可知，重新表达问题与关键词有关。B选项“Often it helps to add one more key word to the sentence.”（通常，在句子中再加一个关键词是有帮助的。）符合题意，故选B项。 【38题详解】

根据前文“Yet, when you rephrase the question to “How might we sell more washing machines to young parents?” you can easily change it to “How might we sell more young parents to washing machines?（然而，当你把这个问题重新表述为“我们如何才能向年轻的父母出售更多洗衣机?”你可以很容易地把它改成“我们如何才能让更多的年轻父母喜欢洗衣机?”）”可知，这种办法可以激发创造性思维。F选项“Admittedly, it is a very unusual challenge, but it might just stimulate a creative thought.”（诚然，这是一个非常不寻常的挑战，但它可能会激发创造性思维。）符合题意，故选F项。 【39题详解】

根据前文“As this example shows, some reversals will require a very flexible way of thinking.（正如这个例子所示，一些反转将需要非常灵活的思维方式。）”以及后文“However, thinking about the tiny amount of time it will “cost” you to try out a reversal, you have very little to lose and, potentially, lots to gain.（然而，考虑一下你尝试逆转的时间“成本”，你不会损失什么，但潜在地，你会得到很多。）”可猜测，做出这些反转很困难，要耗脑力。G选项“Not everyone will be able to move from an unreasonable statement to a useful solution.”（不是每个人都能从一个不合理的陈述变成一个有用的解决方案。）符合题意，故选G项。 10 Quiet the Complainer

For years, Jane Booth’s mother made lengthy airing of complaints. It got so bad that Jane felt it was ruining the quality of their time together, so she finally spoke up and helped her mother realize how often she complained. It turned out that Jane ’s intervention not only helped her mother—it also helped their relationship.

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

You may not be as direct as Jane was to her mother, but there are other ways to get a constant complainer to end. To be effective, it helps to correct misbeliefs about complaining in the first place. In fact, even the kindest, most considerate people complain. And complaining doesn’t always have a negative impact. Sometimes, complaining can change an unfavorable situation into a more desirable one. Other times, it can foster new relationships with people we don’t know well.

The problems start when complaining becomes the default mode(默认模式). “When we have a need to be heard, we repeat ourselves,” says Dian Killian, a life coach, “the satisfaction for frequent complainers comes from attention, so they are never satisfied with any suggestion to address the problems that they highlight—resolution isn’t their aim.”

So, how do you quiet a constant complainer, for the sake of your health and his? Change the subject. Some complainers will switch gears if you shift the conversation in a direction that interests them.

Summarize the complaint. If your complainer keeps repeating himself, he may stop if you demonstrate that you’re listening.

Challenge the person to act. When a constant complainer tells you about his latest problem, ask nicely what he’s done to improve it.

Be honest. When you have things to do, tell the complainer that you must cut the conversation short—especially if it’s someone who’s complained to you many times before.

When someone stresses you out with lots of negativity, it’s important to talk about the problem. Otherwise, if you bottle up your feelings and continue listening to repeated complaints, you may grow annoyed or start avoiding the person. Remember: Quieting a constant complainer can be beneficial to both of you. 40. What did Jane Booth do to stop her mother complaining?

41. According to Paragraph 2, what are the misbeliefs about complaining? 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.

●Complaining frequently is a way that people ask for suggestions for their problems. 43. Your friend has been constantly complaining about almost everything in life. What would you do to help him? (about 40 words) 【答案解析】 40. She spoke up about the problem.

41. Those who complain are usually unkind or inconsiderate. And complaining always

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

has a negative impact.

42. Complaining frequently is a way that people ask for suggestions for their problems.

According to the passage, complaining frequently is a way that people ask for attention from others. 43. 言之有理即可

【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章纠正人们对抱怨的误解，介绍了让老是抱怨的人安静下来的方法。 【40题详解】

考查细节理解。根据第一段“It got so bad that Jane felt it was ruining the quality of their time together, so she finally spoke up and helped her mother realize how often she complained.（事情变得如此糟糕，以至于简觉得这破坏了他们在一起的时间质量，所以她终于说了出来，并帮助她的母亲意识到她是多么频繁地抱怨。）”可知，简·布斯把问题说出来让她妈妈不再抱怨，故答案为She spoke up about the problem. 【41题详解】

考查细节理解。根据第二段“To be effective, it helps to correct misbeliefs about complaining in the first place. In fact, even the kindest, most considerate people complain. And complaining doesn’t always have a negative impact.（为了提高效率，首先要纠正人们对抱怨的误解。事实上，即使是最善良、最体贴的人也会抱怨。抱怨并不总是有负面影响。）”可知，关于抱怨的误解是认为那些抱怨的人通常是不友善或不体谅别人的且抱怨总是有负面影响。故答案为Those who complain are usually unkind or inconsiderate. And complaining always has a negative impact. 【42题详解】

考查细节理解。根据第三段“the satisfaction for frequent complainers comes from attention, so they are never satisfied with any suggestion to address the problems that they highlight—resolution isn’t their aim.（当我们需要别人倾听我们的声音时，我们会重复自己的话。经常抱怨的人的满足感来自关注，所以他们从不满足于任何解决问题的建议。他们强调，解决问题不是他们的目标。）”可知，经常抱怨是人们寻求他人关注的一种方式，并不是为自己的问题寻求建议，故答案为Complaining frequently is a way that people ask for suggestions for their problems.

According to the passage, complaining frequently is a way that people ask for attention from others. 【43题详解】

考查细节理解。根据第五段“Change the subject.（改变话题。）”第六段“Summarize the

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

complaint.（总结了投诉。）”第七段“Challenge the person to act.（挑战那个人去行动。）”第八段“Be honest.（要诚实。）”第九段“it’s important to talk about the problem.（谈论这个问题是很重要的。）”以及最后一段“Remember: Quieting a constant complainer can be beneficial to both of you.（记住:让老是抱怨的人安静下来对你们俩都有好处。）”可以根据文章中给出的方法来劝导朋友，言之有理即可。

11 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校英语俱乐部的上一任外教Jim为你们推荐了一位新外教。作为俱乐部负责人，请你给Jim写一封电子邮件，内容包括： 1．表示感谢；

2．讲述新外教给予的帮助。 注意：1．词数100左右；

2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim,

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua

【答案解析】 Dear Jim,

Hope this email finds you well. I’m writing to thank you for recommending Ms Smith. She is such a wonderful teacher, a valuable addition to the club. She impresses us with her expertise and kindness. With her help, we have engaged in activities of all kinds and we are now our school’s most popular club.

Also, Ms Smith came up with the idea to donate English books to students in a rural area. Can you imagine how happy they were when receiving those books? These reading materials will surely help enrich their experiences. Most importantly, we feel the joy of being able to make a difference.

We believe you are part of why all these have happened, so please allow me to say thank you again. Well, so much about us. What’s new in your life? Do keep us updated. Yours, Li Hua

【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给Jim写一封电子邮件，感谢他给与你校英语俱乐部帮助。 【详解】第一步：审题 体裁：应用文

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北京市东城区2021届高三下学期一模英语试题（含答案解析）

时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时。 结构：总分总法 要求： 1．表示感谢；

2．讲述新外教给予的帮助。 第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）

impress…with…；engage in；come up with；make a difference； 第三步：连词成句

1. She is such a wonderful teacher, a valuable addition to the club. 2. She impresses us with her expertise and kindness.

3. With her help, we have engaged in activities of all kinds and we are now our school’s most popular club.

4. Also, Ms Smith came up with the idea to donate English books to students in a rural area.

5. Can you imagine how happy they were when receiving those books? 6. These reading materials will surely help enrich their experiences. 7. Most importantly, we feel the joy of being able to make a difference. 8. We believe you are part of why all these have happened, so please allow me to say thank you again.

根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。 第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）

1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second(供参考) 2.表并列补充关系：Also，Most importantly

3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but(供参考) 4.表因果关系：So

连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。 【点睛】[高分句型1] Can you imagine how happy they were when receiving those books?(how引导宾语从句)

[高分句型2] We believe you are part of why all these have happened, so please allow me to say thank you again.(why引导宾语从句)

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